{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:32:11Z","timestamp":1790361131599,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","award":["TKP2021-EGA-32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-32"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synephrine has been used to promote weight loss; however, its safety and efficacy have not been fully established. The goals of our study were to give an overview of the safety and efficacy of p-synephrine, to systematically evaluate its efficacy regarding weight loss and to assess its safety, focusing on its cardiovascular side effects in a meta-analysis. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase were searched for relevant studies. Only placebo-controlled, human clinical trials with synephrine intervention were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was reported according to the PRISMA guidelines using the PICOS format and taking into account the CONSORT recommendations. Altogether, 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased significantly after prolonged use (6.37 mmHg, 95% CI: 1.02\u201311.72, p = 0.02 and 4.33 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.48\u20138.18, p = 0.03, respectively). The weight loss in the synephrine group was non-significant after prolonged treatment, and it did not influence body composition parameters. Based on the analyzed clinical studies, synephrine tends to raise blood pressure and heart rate, and there is no evidence that synephrine can facilitate weight loss. Further studies are needed to confirm evidence of its safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"4019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Safety and Efficacy of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extracts and p-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9351-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorottya","family":"Koncz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6582-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muh. Akbar","family":"Bahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya","family":"Roza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dezs\u0151","family":"Csupor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0537-6","article-title":"Efficacy of Exercise Intervention for Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adolescents: Meta-Analysis and Implications","volume":"46","author":"Stoner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62037-5","article-title":"National, Regional, and Global Trends in Body-Mass Index since 1980: Systematic Analysis of Health Examination Surveys and Epidemiological Studies with 960 Country-Years and 9\u00b71 Million Participants","volume":"377","author":"Finucane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14290","article-title":"Obesity as a Multisystem Disease: Trends in Obesity Rates and Obesity-Related Complications","volume":"23","author":"Sarma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. 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