{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:55:09Z","timestamp":1773269709837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIDDK-P30DK056350"},{"name":"Junior Faculty Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have shown that genetic variations can influence metabolic response to nutrient intake, and that diets rich in fructose contribute to hyperuricemia. In this pilot study, our aim was to determine the variability of serum urate in response to an acute fructose challenge and to investigate if genetic variants would affect this response in young to middle-aged adults who self-reported as Black or White. Fifty-seven participants consumed a fructose-rich beverage after an overnight fast. Blood was drawn at five time points (baseline, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after consumption). Thirty urate-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed for their associations with baseline serum urate and its percent changes, using a two-step modeling approach followed by meta-analysis. At baseline, serum urate (mg\/dL, mean \u00b1 SD) was higher in Whites (5.60 \u00b1 1.01 vs. 5.37 \u00b1 0.96), men (6.17 \u00b1 1.14 vs. 5.24 \u00b1 0.79), and those with obesity (5.69 \u00b1 1.08 vs. 5.42 \u00b1 1.06 vs. 5.34 \u00b1 0.80). Three SNPs were significantly associated with baseline serum urate or its percent changes, and six SNPs were nominally associated with percent changes in serum urate. In summary, our results showed that genetic variants could play a role in short-term urate metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"4030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Novel Insights into the Effects of Genetic Variants on Serum Urate Response to an Acute Fructose Challenge: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinruo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baba B.","family":"Mass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Talevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-651X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruixue","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari E.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Venkata Saroja","family":"Voruganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.04.007","article-title":"The Biology of Urate","volume":"50","author":"Keenan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000347","article-title":"Hyperuricemia as an Independent Risk Factor for Major Cardiovascular Events: A 10-Year Cohort Study from Southern Italy","volume":"18","author":"Capuano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132016","volume":"71","author":"Yokose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.06.003","article-title":"Added Sugars Intake Across the Distribution of US Children and Adult Consumers: 1977\u20132012","volume":"116","author":"Powell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2011.08.006","article-title":"Uric Acid and Fructose: Potential Biological Mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.5.1354","article-title":"Effects of Glucose-to-Fructose Ratios in Solutions on Subjective Satiety, Food Intake, and Satiety Hormones in Young Men","volume":"86","author":"Akhavan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-68","article-title":"Consumption of Fructose- but Not Glucose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 Weeks Increases Circulating Concentrations of Uric Acid, Retinol Binding Protein-4, and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Activity in Overweight\/Obese Humans","volume":"9","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202732","article-title":"Population-Specific Influence of SLC2A9 Genotype on the Acute Hyperuricaemic Response to a Fructose Load","volume":"72","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203767","article-title":"Population-Specific Effects of SLC17A1 Genotype on Serum Urate Concentrations and Renal Excretion of Uric Acid during a Fructose Load","volume":"73","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R34","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4463","article-title":"Influence of the ABCG2 Gout Risk 141 K Allele on Urate Metabolism during a Fructose Challenge","volume":"16","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100461","article-title":"A Dose-Response Study of Consuming High-Fructose Corn Syrup-Sweetened Beverages on Lipid\/Lipoprotein Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Young Adults","volume":"101","author":"Stanhope","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.95","article-title":"Consumption of Sucrose-Sweetened Soft Drinks Increases Plasma Levels of Uric Acid in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A 6-Month Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"69","author":"Bruun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13040","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13040","article-title":"Effects of Acute Fructose Loading on Levels of Serum Uric Acid-a Pilot Study","volume":"49","author":"Olofsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2500","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Analyses Identify 18 New Loci Associated with Serum Urate Concentrations","volume":"45","author":"Albrecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06620-4","article-title":"Large-Scale Whole-Exome Sequencing Association Studies Identify Rare Functional Variants Influencing Serum Urate Levels","volume":"9","author":"Tin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80162-0","article-title":"Fructose: Incomplete Intestinal Absorption in Humans","volume":"84","author":"Ravich","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007040426","article-title":"Genome Scan for Determinants of Serum Uric Acid Variability","volume":"18","author":"Nath","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.095364","article-title":"Serum Uric Acid Concentrations and SLC2A9 Genetic Variation in Hispanic Children: The Viva La Familia Study","volume":"101","author":"Voruganti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340","article-title":"METAL: Fast and Efficient Meta-Analysis of Genomewide Association Scans","volume":"26","author":"Willer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100155","article-title":"Recommendations on the Use and Reporting of Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry in Genetic Research: Experiences from the NHLBI TOPMed Program","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2029562","article-title":"Race and Genetic Ancestry in Medicine\u2014A Time for Reckoning with Racism","volume":"384","author":"Borrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022, June 27). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caliceti, C., Calabria, D., Roda, A., and Cicero, A.F.G. (2017). Fructose Intake, Serum Uric Acid, and Cardiometabolic Disorders: A Critical Review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040395"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.151951","article-title":"The Effects of Fructose Intake on Serum Uric Acid Vary among Controlled Dietary Trials","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.04.003","article-title":"Fructose Content in Popular Beverages Made with and without High-Fructose Corn Syrup","volume":"30","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa013","article-title":"Genomic Dissection of 43 Serum Urate-Associated Loci Provides Multiple Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Urate Control","volume":"29","author":"Boocock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0339-0","article-title":"Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Multiple Novel Loci Associated with Serum Uric Acid Levels in Japanese Individuals","volume":"2","author":"Nakatochi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00931-x","article-title":"A Cross-Population Atlas of Genetic Associations for 220 Human Phenotypes","volume":"53","author":"Sakaue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2013.25","article-title":"Orphan Nuclear Receptor HNF4G Promotes Bladder Cancer Growth and Invasion through the Regulation of the Hyaluronan Synthase 2 Gene","volume":"2","author":"Okegawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18018","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22933","article-title":"Expression of HNF4G and Its Potential Functions in Lung Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1041","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00640.2013","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Urate Transportosome Member SLC2A9 by Nuclear Receptor HNF4\u03b1","volume":"307","author":"Prestin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0504-x","article-title":"Target Genes, Variants, Tissues and Transcriptional Pathways Influencing Human Serum Urate Levels","volume":"51","author":"Tin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26918","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15851","article-title":"TT Genotype of Rs2941484 in the Human HNF4G Gene Is Associated with Hyperuricemia in Chinese Han Men","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43614","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43614","article-title":"Effects of Multiple Genetic Loci on the Pathogenesis from Serum Urate to Gout","volume":"7","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, M.P., Brennecke, S.P., East, C.E., G\u00f6ring, H.H.H., Kent, J.W., Dyer, T.D., Said, J.M., Roten, L.T., Iversen, A.-C., and Abraham, L.J. (2012). Genome-Wide Association Scan Identifies a Risk Locus for Preeclampsia on 2q14, near the Inhibin, Beta B Gene. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033666"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"3851225","article-title":"Preeclampsia, Natural History, Genes, and MiRNAs Associated with the Syndrome","volume":"2022","author":"Morel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205877","article-title":"Twenty-Eight Loci That Influence Serum Urate Levels: Analysis of Association with Gout","volume":"75","author":"Merriman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00733","article-title":"Functional Urate-Associated Genetic Variants Influence Expression of LincRNAs LINC01229 and MAFTRR","volume":"9","author":"Leask","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/19\/4030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:41:04Z","timestamp":1760143264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/19\/4030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14194030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14194030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]}}}