{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:17:23Z","timestamp":1778869043206,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GEK"},{"name":"Italian Ministry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The link between being pregnant and overweight or obese and the infectivity and virulence of the SARS CoV-2 virus is likely to be caused by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycosylation, which may work as a glycan shield. Methylglyoxal (MGO), an important advanced glycation end-product (AGE), and glycated albumin (GA) are the results of poor subclinical glucose metabolism and are indices of oxidative stress. Forty-one consecutive cases of SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant patients comprising 25% pre-pregnancy overweight women and 25% obese women were recruited. The aim of our study was to compare the blood levels of MGO and GA in pregnant women with asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection with pregnant women without SARS-CoV-2 infection with low risk and uneventful pregnancies and to evaluate the relative perinatal outcomes. The MGO and GA values of the SARS-CoV-2 cases were statistically significantly higher than those of the negative control subjects. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant patients who suffered of moderate to severe COVID-19 syndrome had higher values of GA than those infected and presenting with mild symptoms or those with asymptomatic infection. Premature delivery and infants of a small size for their gestational age were overrepresented in this cohort, even in mild-asymptomatic patients for whom delivery was not indicated by the COVID-19 syndrome. Moreover, ethnic minorities were overrepresented among the severe cases. The AGE\u2013RAGE oxidative stress axis on the placenta and multiple organs caused by MGO and GA levels, associated with the biological mechanisms of the glycation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, could help to explain the infectivity and virulence of this virus in pregnant patients affected by being overweight or obese or having gestational diabetes, and the increased risk of premature delivery and\/or low newborn weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T22:53:19Z","timestamp":1664405599000},"page":"4037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Glycation-Driven Inflammation: COVID-19 Severity in Pregnant Women and Perinatal Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0229-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Cappelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEK srl, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2799-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Tondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Basello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEK srl, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Garbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3712-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio","family":"Speciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEK srl, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5243-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Ferrazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1050","article-title":"Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Among Pregnant Women with and without COVID-19 Infection: The INTERCOVID Multinational Cohort Study","volume":"175","author":"Villar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.08.004","article-title":"Virus-Receptor Interactions of Glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Receptor","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.08.004","article-title":"RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products): A central player in the inflammatory response","volume":"6","author":"Chavakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103303","article-title":"Association of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) serum on COVID-19 severity: A cross-sectional study","volume":"74","author":"Saputra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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