{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:28:37Z","timestamp":1792160917326,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","award":["Grant RTC-2016-4983-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant RTC-2016-4983-1"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","award":["Grant PI19\/01577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant PI19\/01577"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","award":["Grant P18-TP-5194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant P18-TP-5194"]}]},{"name":"EU-ERDF-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["Grant RTC-2016-4983-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant RTC-2016-4983-1"]}]},{"name":"EU-ERDF-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["Grant PI19\/01577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant PI19\/01577"]}]},{"name":"EU-ERDF-Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["Grant P18-TP-5194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant P18-TP-5194"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["Grant RTC-2016-4983-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant RTC-2016-4983-1"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["Grant PI19\/01577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant PI19\/01577"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["Grant P18-TP-5194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant P18-TP-5194"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study characterizes the oral pharmacokinetics of D-Pinitol, a natural insulin mimetic inositol, in human healthy volunteers (14 males and 11 females). D-Pinitol absorption was studied in (a) subjects receiving a single oral dose of 15 mg\/kg (n = 10), or (b) 5 mg\/kg pure D-Pinitol (n = 6), and (c) subjects receiving D-Pinitol as part of carbohydrate-containing carob pods-derived syrup with a 3.2% D-Pinitol (Dose of 1600 mg\/subject, n = 9). The volunteers received a randomly assigned single dose of either D-Pinitol or carob pod-derived syrup. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360 and 1440 min after intake. Plasma concentration of D-Pinitol was measured and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained. The data indicate that when given alone, the oral absorption of D-Pinitol is dose-dependent and of extended duration, with a Tmax reached after almost 4 h, and a half-life greater than 5 h. When the source of D-Pinitol was a carob pods-derived syrup, Cmax was reduced to 40% of the expected based on the data of D-Pinitol alone, suggesting a reduced absorption probably because of competition with monosaccharide transport. In this group, Tmax was reached before that of D-Pinitol alone, but the estimated half-life remained the same. In the D-Pinitol groups, plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, free fatty acids, and pituitary hormones were additionally measured. A dose of 15 mg\/kg of D-Pinitol did not affect glucose levels in healthy volunteers, but reduced insulin and increased glucagon and ghrelin concentrations. D-Pinitol did not increase other hormones known to enhance plasma glucose, such as cortisol or GH, which were surprisingly reduced after the ingestion of this inositol. Other pituitary hormones (gonadotropins, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone) were not affected after D-Pinitol ingestion. In a conclusion, D-Pinitol is absorbed through the oral route, having an extended half-life and displaying the pharmacological profile of an endocrine pancreas protector, a pharmacological activity of potential interest for the treatment or prevention of insulin resistance-associated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"4094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Endocrine Effects of an Oral Dose of D-Pinitol in Human Fasting Healthy Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caridad","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Screening & Target Validation, Fundaci\u00f3n MEDINA, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Decara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0342-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Medina-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica del Coraz\u00f3n\u2014CIBERCV (Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"Lopez-Gambero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica del Coraz\u00f3n\u2014CIBERCV (Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luisa","family":"Gavito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7164-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Porras-Perales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Screening & Target Validation, Fundaci\u00f3n MEDINA, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euronutra S.L. Calle Johannes Kepler, 3, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Baixeras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Rodr\u00edguez de","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatree, S., Thongmaen, N., Tantivejkul, K., Sitticharoon, C., and Vucenik, I. 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