{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:04:19Z","timestamp":1782457459630,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment through the High-Value Nutrition\u2014National Science Challenge","award":["UPAX1902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPAX1902"]}]},{"name":"Zespri\u2122 International Ltd.","award":["UPAX1902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPAX1902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic constipation is highly prevalent worldwide and may be managed with two green or three gold kiwifruit daily. It is unknown whether a smaller standard serve of gold kiwifruit (two daily) is as effective in constipation management. The study aimed to improve chronic constipation with two gold kiwifruit and psyllium in lieu of a placebo daily over four weeks. Adult participants (18\u201365 years) with functional constipation (FC, n = 11), constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C, n = 13), and healthy controls (n = 32) were block-randomized to the treatment order: gold kiwifruit (2\/day) or psyllium (fiber-matched, 7.5 g\/day) for four weeks, followed by four weeks washout before crossover. Outcomes included alterations of Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) domains and weekly complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM) as part of a larger study. Both interventions reduced GSRS constipation domain scores in all subjects compared to baseline values (p = 0.004). All participants reported significantly more weekly CSBM (p = 0.014). Two gold kiwifruit decreased straining (p = 0.021). Two gold kiwifruit daily are as effective as fiber-matched psyllium in treating constipation in adults and should be considered as a treatment option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"4146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Two Gold Kiwifruit Daily for Effective Treatment of Constipation in Adults\u2014A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5880-2095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone B.","family":"Bayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit for Translational Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"},{"name":"New Zealand National Science Challenge\u2014High-Value Nutrition, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Building 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoebe","family":"Heenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit for Translational Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"},{"name":"New Zealand National Science Challenge\u2014High-Value Nutrition, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Building 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Frampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1160-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit for Translational Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"},{"name":"New Zealand National Science Challenge\u2014High-Value Nutrition, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Building 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1350-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynley N.","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drummond Food Science Advisory Ltd., 1137 Drain Road, Killinchy 7682, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Zealand National Science Challenge\u2014High-Value Nutrition, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Building 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, 7n8, Level 7, Science 2 Building, 70 Union Street West, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Gearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Unit for Translational Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"},{"name":"New Zealand National Science Challenge\u2014High-Value Nutrition, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Building 505, 85 Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.014","article-title":"Worldwide Prevalence and Burden of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Results of Rome Foundation Global Study","volume":"160","author":"Sperber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"U220","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of irritable bowel symptoms in a New Zealand birth cohort","volume":"115","author":"Barbezat","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. 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