{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:53:28Z","timestamp":1789052008314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18BTY100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18BTY100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To explore the effects of breastfeeding during the first four months of life on thinness, overweight, and obesity and to analyze the influential factors in children aged three to six years in eastern China. Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective cohort study, and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were followed. A total of 8053 subjects were included in this secondary analysis of data from the 2015 \u201cPhysical Fitness Surveillance data of Jiangsu, China\u201d. The subjects were classified into three groups on the basis of feeding patterns: breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding. The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) definitions of BMI were used to define thinness, overweight, and obesity. Multivariate logistic regression models and subgroup analysis were used to assess the association between feeding patterns and childhood thinness, overweight, obesity, and overweight\/obesity, adjusted for potential confounders (sex, age grade, area, region\/economy, gestational age, birthweight, childbearing age, mother\u2019s education, and caretaker). Results: The prevalence of breastfeeding was 63.8%, and the prevalence of thinness, overweight, obesity, and overweight\/obesity reached 2.7%, 11.2%, 4.7%, and 15.9%, respectively. Breastfeeding participants had a lower risk of overweight and overweight\/obesity with adjusted ORs of 0.652 (95% CI: 0.533, 0.797; p &lt; 0.001) and 0.721 (95% CI: 0.602, 0.862; p &lt; 0.001), respectively; however, there was no difference in thinness and obesity (both p &gt; 0.05) compared with formula feeding. There was no statistical difference between mixed and formula feeding, in terms of thinness, overweight, obesity, or overweight\/obesity (all p &gt; 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that breastfeeding for three years, preterm, and a childbearing age of 25\u201329 years had higher adjusted ORs for thinness, and in 5\u20136 years, urban areas, southern\/developed economy regions, post-mature, childbearing age \u2265 25 years, and other caretakers had higher and invalid breastfeeding-adjusted ORs (all p &gt; 0.05 except overweight in the urban grade) for both overweight and overweight\/obesity. Conclusions: Breastfeeding during the first four months was not associated with the thinness of children aged 3\u20136 years in eastern China, and the protective effect of breastfeeding against overweight or overweight\/obesity could be confirmed. However, the effects of breastfeeding on thinness, overweight, and obesity may change or become invalid in some subgroups, suggesting that there may be potential interactions between feeding patterns and influential factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"4154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Effects of Breastfeeding for Four Months on Thinness, Overweight, and Obesity in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years: A Retrospective Cohort Study from National Physical Fitness Surveillance of Jiangsu Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiming","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Research Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing 210034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Research Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing 210034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linna","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Science, Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo 315099, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.09.014","article-title":"Secular trends in the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity across Australian states: A meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Olds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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