{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:05:10Z","timestamp":1790730310652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infection is the main bacterial cause of several gastrointestinal disorders. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a population of Bahraini adults seeking care in gastroenterology clinics in a tertiary care hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain and examine the association between dietary habits and other factors with H. pylori infection. The study is a hospital-based retrospective, cross-sectional analytical study that included 200 participants. H. pylori infection prevalence among the studied group was 55.5%, and it was significantly higher among participants with a high school education or less (44.1%). Among dietary habits, the mean of frequency of green tea, coffee and honey intake was significantly lower among the H. pylori infected participants compared to their non-infected counterparts. H. pylori infection was significantly higher among participants with vitamin D deficiency (63.6%) compared to participants with normal vitamin D (30%) (p = 0.001) and each unit decrease in serum vitamin D was associated with an increased risk of infection by 1.1 times (OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.18; p &lt; 0.001). The study revealed that high educational levels, consumption of honey, green tea, and coffee, as well as normal serum vitamin D level, were independent protectors against H. pylori infection. Additional studies are needed to estimate the prevalence and predisposing factors of H. pylori infection in the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:50:01Z","timestamp":1665449401000},"page":"4215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Association between Dietary Habits and Helicobacter pylori Infection among Bahraini Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fatema","family":"Habbash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"},{"name":"Family and Community Medicine, Internal Medicine Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Manama 328, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7693-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq Abdulkarim","family":"Alalwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naila","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King Hamad University Hospital, Muharraq 228, Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Muharraq 228, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King Hamad University Hospital, Muharraq 228, Bahrain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Muharraq 228, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Al Sayyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"},{"name":"Public Health, Ministry of Health, Manama 323, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-6648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Gasparri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona \u2018\u2018Istituto Santa Margherita\u2019\u2019, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Education and Sport Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Rondanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00104","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical impacts and current clinical management of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"204","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. 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