{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:06:06Z","timestamp":1770271566649,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET)","award":["115015-03-1-HD020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115015-03-1-HD020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["115015-03-1-HD020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["115015-03-1-HD020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the red pepper and its seeds have been studied for metabolic diseases, the effects and potential mechanisms of red pepper seed extract (RPS) on hepatic lipid accumulation are not yet completely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of RPS on hepatic lipid accumulation via autophagy. C57BL\/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a HFD supplemented with RPS. RPS treatment inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation by suppressing lipogenesis, inducing hepatic autophagic flux, and activating AMPK in HFD-fed mice. To investigate the effect of RPS on an oleic acid (OA)-induced hepatic steatosis cell model, HepG2 cells were incubated in a high-glucose medium and OA, followed by RPS treatment. RPS treatment decreased OA-induced lipid accumulation and reduced the expression of lipogenesis-associated proteins. Autophagic flux dramatically increased in the RPS-treated group. RPS phosphorylated AMPK in a dose-dependent manner, thereby dephosphorylated mTOR. Autophagy inhibition with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) antagonized RPS-induced suppression of lipogenesis-related protein expressions. Moreover, the knockdown of endogenous AMPK also antagonized the RPS-induced regulation of lipid accumulation and autophagy. Our findings provide new insights into the beneficial effects of RPS on hepatic lipid accumulation through the AMPK-dependent autophagy-mediated downregulation of lipogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T22:45:29Z","timestamp":1665614729000},"page":"4247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Red Pepper Seeds Inhibit Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by Inducing Autophagy via AMPK Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8372-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwa-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0908-113X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikyoung","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9280-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-A","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600197","article-title":"\u03b2-Caryophyllene attenuates palmitate-induced lipid accumulation through AMPK signaling by activating CB2 receptor in human HepG2 hepatocytes","volume":"60","author":"Kamikubo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. 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