{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:16:02Z","timestamp":1775042162088,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the H.W. &amp; J. Hector Foundation, Weinheim Germany","award":["K195\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K195\/2015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K195\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K195\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Marohn-Stiftung of Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","award":["K195\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K195\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["K195\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K195\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), the elimination of wheat results in a clear symptom improvement, but gluten has still not been proven as (the sole) trigger. Due to the increase in the prevalence of gluten-related diseases, the breeding of high-performance wheat cultivars is discussed as a trigger. To analyze the immune stimulation and signal pathways, the immune cells of healthy subjects and patients with NCGS were stimulated with gliadins from wheat, and the expression and secretion of interleukin 1\u00df (IL1\u00df) and interleukin 6 (IL6) were studied. To determine the impact of wheat breeding, the monocyte cell line THP1 and human immune cells were stimulated with gliadin, glutenin, and albumin\/globulin fractions of ancient and modern cereals, and expression of inflammatory molecules was checked. Immune cells of patients with NCGS showed an increased expression of IL1\u00df and IL6 after stimulation with gliadins compared to immune cells of healthy controls. Gliadins caused a strong activation of P-STAT3 in immune cells of healthy controls, and inhibitors of JAK and NF\u03baB pathways considerably reduced this response. In addition to gliadins, we further showed that glutenins and albumin\/globulins from all wheat cultivars from the last century, and especially from einkorn and spelt, also markedly induced the expression of inflammatory genes in THP1 and human immune cells. There was no correlation between enhanced immune stimulation and ancient or modern cultivars. This does not support the hypothesis that modern wheat breeding is responsible for the increase in gluten-related diseases. An altered immune situation is suggested in patients with NCGS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T22:45:29Z","timestamp":1665614729000},"page":"4257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proteins from Modern and Ancient Wheat Cultivars: Impact on Immune Cells of Healthy Individuals and Patients with NCGS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walburga","family":"Dieterich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Gundel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina A.","family":"Scherf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darina","family":"Pronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6811-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Geisslitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3301-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"B\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Seeland, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus F.","family":"Neurath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3432-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yurdag\u00fcl","family":"Zopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064966","article-title":"Diagnosis of Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS): The Salerno Experts\u2019 Criteria","volume":"7","author":"Catassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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