{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:05:23Z","timestamp":1792101923285,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While patient care, kidney replacement therapy, and transplantation techniques for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have continued to progress, the incidence of malnutrition disorders in CKD appears to have remained unchanged over time. However, there is now a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology according to the disease background, disease stage, and the treatment received. In CKD patients, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress lead to a proinflammatory milieu that is at least partially responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population. New insights into the pathogenic role of innate immunity and the proinflammatory cytokine profile, characterized, for instance, by higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1, explain some of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities observed in these patients. In this article, we will explore currently available nutritional\u2013inflammatory biomarkers in distinct CKD populations (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation) with a view to evaluating their efficacy as predictors of malnutrition and their involvement in the common proinflammatory process. Although there is a direct relationship between inflammatory-nutritional status, signs and symptoms [e.g., protein-energy wasting (PEW), anorexia], and comorbidities (e.g., atheromatosis, atherosclerosis), we are in need of clearly standardized markers for nutritional-inflammatory assessment to improve their performance and design appropriate bidirectional interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"4297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Evolving Concepts on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Malnutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fredzzia","family":"Graterol Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0033-4214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Soler-Majoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7481-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio","family":"Romero-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Chitiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Troya-Saborido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillem","family":"Socias Rullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pa\u00fal Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Urrutia Jou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Ca\u00f1ameras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Riera Sadurn\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3577-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Bover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP) & REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research 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