{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:37:19Z","timestamp":1791499039581,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SGP + Group"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Butyrate, a by-product of gut bacteria fermentation as well as the digestion of fat in mother\u2019s milk, exerts a wide spectrum of beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tissues. The present study aimed to determine the effects of sodium butyrate on small intestine contractility in neonatal piglets. Piglets were fed milk formula alone (group C) or milk formula supplemented with sodium butyrate (group B). After a 7-day treatment period, isometric recordings of whole-thickness segments of the duodenum and middle jejunum were obtained by electric field stimulation under the influence of increasing doses of Ach (acetylocholine) in the presence of TTX (tetrodotoxin) and atropine. Moreover, structural properties of the intestinal wall were assessed, together with the expression of cholinergic and muscarinic receptors (M1 and M2). In both intestinal segments (duodenum and middle jejunum), EFS (electric field stimulation) impulses resulted in increased contractility and amplitude of contractions in group B compared to group C. Additionally, exposure to dietary butyrate led to a significant increase in tunica muscularis thickness in the duodenum, while mitotic and apoptotic indices were increased in the middle jejunum. The expression of M1 and M2 receptors in the middle jejunum was significantly higher after butyrate treatment. The results indicate increased cholinergic signaling and small intestinal growth and renewal in response to feeding with milk formula enriched with sodium butyrate in neonatal piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T03:43:58Z","timestamp":1665978238000},"page":"4301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Milk Formula Enriched with Sodium Butyrate Influences Small Intestine Contractility in Neonatal Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8167-5744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"S\u0142upecka-Ziemilska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan Grzegorz","family":"Pierzynowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Szczurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateryna","family":"Pierzynowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wychowa\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Head and Neck, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Universita Cattolica del Sacro Coure, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanka","family":"Seklecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adamed Pharma S.A., 05-152 Pie\u0144k\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Koperski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6900-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Starzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 7 D\u0119binki Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5898-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Szkopek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5072-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden"},{"name":"School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9363-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Veteran\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Woli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"},{"name":"Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MPG.0000150420.00161.B9","article-title":"Assessment of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in preterm infants with delayed meconium passage","volume":"40","author":"Lorijn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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