{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:05:04Z","timestamp":1792397104099,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the world and a current and growing social and health problem. The growing scale of the problem not only concerns adults, but now it particularly affects children and adolescents. Prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in adolescence is crucial because adolescent depression is a risk factor for recurrence of depression later in life, as well as many other mental health disorders in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to analyze data on the dietary patterns and composition of the Mediterranean diet as a modifiable risk factor for depression, which would be a viable prevention strategy and a good target for early intervention and supportive treatment of depression. Research shows that the Mediterranean diet pattern can reduce the risk and symptoms of depression, while western eating styles can increase the risk and severity of depression in adolescents. The number of studies in adolescent populations continues to increase, but most longitudinal and clinical studies are still insufficient. Modification of the diet can be a helpful strategy for the prevention and treatment of depression in adolescents; therefore, the diet of young people should be considered a key and modifiable goal in the prevention of mental disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"4390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["The Mediterranean Diet and the Western Diet in Adolescent Depression-Current Reports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-3206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"\u0141uszczki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1736-8122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Micho\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dere\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, September 02). Adolescent Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/adolescent-health."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022, September 02). Adolescent Mental Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescent-mental-health."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2482","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Racine","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021051507","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-051507","article-title":"COVID-19 and Adolescent Depression and Suicide Risk Screening Outcomes","volume":"148","author":"Mayne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.]. DSM-5.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000127","article-title":"From anxious youth to depressed adolescents: Prospective prediction of 2-year depression symptoms via attentional bias measures","volume":"125","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60871-4","article-title":"Depression in adolescence","volume":"379","author":"Thapar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.08.006","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for depression that adolescents can modify: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"169","author":"Cairns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.028","article-title":"A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China","volume":"87","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.042","article-title":"The course of major depressive disorder from childhood to young adulthood: Recovery and recurrence in a longitudinal observational study","volume":"203","author":"Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-020-00050-z","article-title":"Depression in adolescence: A review","volume":"27","author":"Beirao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Middle East Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2259","article-title":"Screening for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review for the US preventive services task force","volume":"164","author":"McClure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017902016010093","article-title":"Suicidal Behavior in the Mediterranean Countries","volume":"16","author":"Eskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, September 02). Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/mental-health\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.46","article-title":"Can we expect an increased suicide rate due to Covid-19?","volume":"37","author":"Devitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir. J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.090","article-title":"Physical and mental health impact of COVID-19 on children, adolescents, and their families: The Collaborative Outcomes study on Health and Functioning during Infection Times\u2014Children and Adolescents (COH-FIT-C&A)","volume":"299","author":"Solmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.031","article-title":"The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113264","article-title":"Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown","volume":"291","author":"Guessoum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01541-4","article-title":"Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025591","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591","article-title":"Factors Associated with Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Wathelet","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomou, I., and Constantinidou, F. (2020). Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Compliance with Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144924"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.10.016","article-title":"Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: The importance of parent-child discussion","volume":"279","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09744-3","article-title":"The Effect of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health","volume":"91","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00728-y","article-title":"Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S.S., and Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228479"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101845","article-title":"How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents?","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster. Risk. Reduct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009","article-title":"Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Loades","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1411320","article-title":"A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED)","volume":"22","author":"Parletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1312841","article-title":"A modified Mediterranean dietary intervention for adults with major depression: Dietary protocol and feasibility data from the SMILES trial","volume":"21","author":"Opie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1620425","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern is inversely associated with depression, anxiety and psychological distress","volume":"24","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, H.M., Stevenson, R.J., Chambers, J.R., Gupta, D., Newey, B., and Lim, C.K. (2019). A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults\u2014A randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222768"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.020","article-title":"Dietary patterns and depression risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"253","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Villegas, A., Cabrera-Su\u00e1rez, B., Molero, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Pinto, A., Chiclana-Actis, C., Cabrera, C., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Florido-Rodr\u00edguez, M., Vega-P\u00e9rez, P., and Pla, J. (2019). Preventing the recurrence of depression with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil. The PREDI-DEP trial: Study protocol. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2036-4"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.05.012","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and depression among older individuals: The multinational MEDIS study","volume":"110","author":"Masana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.1668","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"175","author":"Corella","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01608-x","article-title":"Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with better cognitive status and less depressive symptoms in a Greek elderly population","volume":"33","author":"Mantzorou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vall Castell\u00f3, J., and Tubianosa, C. (2020). Linking Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle with Cardio Metabolic Disease and Depressive Symptoms: A Study on the Elderly in Europe. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197053"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.015","article-title":"Adolescent and adult differences in major depression symptom profiles","volume":"243","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2432","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, and Placebo for Common Psychiatric Disorders Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Locher","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g3596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3596","article-title":"Changes in antidepressant use by young people and suicidal behavior after FDA warnings and media coverage: Quasi-experimental study","volume":"348","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117002026","article-title":"Nutritional psychiatry: The present state of the evidence","volume":"76","author":"Marx","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0237-8","article-title":"Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"24","author":"Lassale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000043","article-title":"Dietary recommendations for the prevention of depression","volume":"20","author":"Opie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1402S","article-title":"Mediterranean diet pyramid: A cultural model for healthy eating","volume":"61","author":"Willett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000266","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115459","article-title":"Definition of the Mediterranean Diet; a Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilleminault, L., Williams, E.J., Scott, H.A., Berthon, B.S., Jensen, M., and Wood, L.G. (2017). Diet and Asthma: Is It Time to Adapt Our Message?. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111227"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sureda, A., Bibiloni, M.D.M., Julibert, A., Bouzas, C., Argelich, E., Llompart, I., Pons, A., and Tur, J.A. (2018). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Inflammatory Markers. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010062"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211031486","article-title":"Dietary patterns and internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Orlando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. N. Zeal. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_400_18","article-title":"Nutritional Aspects of Depression in Adolescents\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Khanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00925-x","article-title":"Diet and depression: Exploring the biological mechanisms of action","volume":"26","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01360-2","article-title":"Diet and depression: Future needs to unlock the potential","volume":"27","author":"Marx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehghan, P., Nejati, M., Vahid, F., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Saleh-Ghadimi, S., Parsi, R., Jafari-Vayghan, H., Shivappa, N., and H\u00e9bert, J.R. (2022). The association between dietary inflammatory index, dietary antioxidant index, and mental health in adolescent girls: An analytical study. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13879-2"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2021.1918981","article-title":"The association of diet and depression: An analysis of dietary measures in depressed, non-depressed, and healthy youth","volume":"25","author":"Korczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516004359","article-title":"Is there an association between diet and depression in children and adolescents? A systematic review","volume":"116","author":"Khalid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003560","article-title":"Longitudinal study of psychopathological, anthropometric and sociodemographic factors related to the level of Mediterranean diet adherence in a community sample of Spanish adolescents","volume":"19","author":"Voltas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.048","article-title":"Youth diet quality and hazard of mood disorder in adolescence and adulthood among an Australian cohort","volume":"276","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018001179","article-title":"Diet quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence: No cross-sectional or prospective associations following adjustment for covariates","volume":"21","author":"Winpenny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106020980532","article-title":"Does diet play a role in the prevention and management of depression among adolescents? A narrative review","volume":"27","author":"Chopra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Health."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.01.002","article-title":"Dietary patterns, body mass index and inflammation: Pathways to depression and mental health problems in adolescents","volume":"69","author":"Oddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.001","article-title":"Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1\u03b2, tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"49","author":"Haapakoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3919-9","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation predicts persistence of depressive symptoms","volume":"233","author":"Zalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.025","article-title":"Depression and inflammation among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis","volume":"277","author":"Colasanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000673","article-title":"The Effects of Dietary Improvement on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"81","author":"Firth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1457-4","article-title":"Associations between a Mediterranean diet pattern and inflammatory biomarkers in European adolescents","volume":"57","author":"Arouca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1764-4","article-title":"Diet as a moderator in the association of sedentary behaviors with inflammatory biomarkers among adolescents in the HELENA study","volume":"58","author":"Arouca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, K.M.B., Ronca, D.B., Michels, N., Huybrechts, I., Cuenca-Garcia, M., Marcos, A., Moln\u00e1r, D., Dallongeville, J., Manios, Y., and Schaan, B.D. (2018). Does the Mediterranean Diet Protect against Stress-Induced Inflammatory Activation in European Adolescents? The HELENA Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111770"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0927-9","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and academic performance in youth: The UP&DOWN study","volume":"55","author":"Marcos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.09.743","article-title":"The association between dietary patterns and depression in adolescents: A cross-sectional study","volume":"46","author":"Hemmati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.207","article-title":"Dampened Mesolimbic Dopamine Function and Signaling by Saturated but not Monounsaturated Dietary Lipids","volume":"41","author":"Hryhorczuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12814","article-title":"Effect of phenolic compounds on the growth of selected probiotic and pathogenic bacteria","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.07.145","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids critically regulate behaviour and gut microbiota development in adolescence and adulthood","volume":"59","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171151","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Metabolism of Polyphenols as Characterized by Gnotobiotic Mice","volume":"63","author":"Pasinetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw091","article-title":"Association Between Carbohydrate Nutrition and Successful Aging Over 10 Years","volume":"71","author":"Gopinath","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00105J","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and faecal microbiota: A transversal study","volume":"7","author":"Margolles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.08.029","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and mental health: A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship with depressive symptoms, anxiety and well-being in adults","volume":"37","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.245167","article-title":"The Inflammatory Potential of the Diet Is Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Different Subgroups of the General Population","volume":"147","author":"Adjibade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003074","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index, cardiometabolic conditions and depression in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Gea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616645777","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and recurrence of depressive symptoms: Results from the Whitehall II Study","volume":"4","author":"Akbaraly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002853","article-title":"Association between inflammatory potential of diet and risk of depression in middle-aged women: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women\u2019s Health","volume":"116","author":"Shivappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3233\/MNM-17192","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern and depression, anxiety and stress among high-school female adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Tehrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-022-00234-5","article-title":"The association between dietary phytochemical index with depression and quality of life in iranian adolescent girls","volume":"16","author":"Sangouni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-017-0194-z","article-title":"Dietary behaviour, psychological well-being and mental distress among adolescents in Korea","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00581","article-title":"Does Fruit and Vegetable Consumption During Adolescence Predict Adult Depression? A Longitudinal Study of US Adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Hoare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer-Cascales, R., S\u00e1nchez-SanSegundo, M., Ruiz-Robledillo, N., Albaladejo-Bl\u00e1zquez, N., Laguna-P\u00e9rez, A., and Zaragoza-Mart\u00ed, A. (2018). Eat or Skip Breakfast? The Important Role of Breakfast Quality for Health-Related Quality of Life, Stress and Depression in Spanish Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081781"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Cui, Y., Gong, Q., Huang, C., Guo, F., Li, W., Zhang, W., Chen, Y., Cheng, X., and Wang, Y. (2019). Frequency of breakfast consumption is inversely associated with the risk of depressive symptoms among Chinese university students: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222014"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.164","article-title":"Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is associated with less severe depressive symptoms among adolescent girls","volume":"272","author":"Khayyatzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, M., and Hashimoto, K. (2019). Impact of consuming green and yellow vegetables on the depressive symptoms of junior and senior high school students in Japan. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211323"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5650","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020004838","article-title":"Dietary antioxidants and fibre intake and depressive symptoms in Iranian adolescent girls","volume":"24","author":"Khayyatzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"347","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of lifestyle behavior, anxiety and depression in Chinese college freshman: A cross-sectional survey","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764021996739","article-title":"Unique and cumulative effects of lifestyle-related behaviors on depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents","volume":"68","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangouni, A.A., Beigrezaei, S., Akbarian, S., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Yuzbashian, E., Salehi-Abargouei, A., Ferns, G.A., and Khayyatzadeh, S.S. (2022). Association between dietary behaviors and depression in adolescent girls. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13584-0"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14287","article-title":"Nutritional influences on brain development","volume":"107","author":"Georgieff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14778","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and health status: Active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms","volume":"177","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.66.S141","article-title":"Association of Quantity and Quality of Protein Intake with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Adolescent Boys and Girls (13-15 Years) Studying in Public Schools of Delhi","volume":"66","author":"Khanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.09.010","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamin intakes and risk of depression, anxiety and stress among female adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Farhadnejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2020.18.4.469","article-title":"Nutritional Neuroscience as Mainstream of Psychiatry: The Evidence- Based Treatment Guidelines for Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a New Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.03.012","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases comorbid major depressive disorder\u2014Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"85","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-017-0167-2","article-title":"Emulsified omega-3 fatty-acids modulate the symptoms of depressive disorder in children and adolescents: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Garaiova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17m11596","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11596","article-title":"A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Monotherapy for Adolescent Depression","volume":"79","author":"Gabbay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1667-4","article-title":"Exploring the association between whole blood Omega-3 Index, DHA, EPA, DHA, AA and n-6 DPA, and depression and self-esteem in adolescents of lower general secondary education","volume":"58","author":"Bergeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katren\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, B., Vav\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Waczul\u00edkov\u00e1, I., Oravec, S., Garaiova, I., Nagyov\u00e1, Z., Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, N., \u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1, Z., and Trebatick\u00e1, J. (2020). Lipid Profile, Lipoprotein Subfractions, and Fluidity of Membranes in Children and Adolescents with Depressive Disorder: Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202008.0431.v1"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112911","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty-acids modulate symptoms of depressive disorder, serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6\/omega-3 ratio in children. A randomized, double-blind and controlled trial","volume":"287","author":"Gushina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paduchov\u00e1, Z., Katren\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, B., Vav\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Laubertov\u00e1, L., Nagyov\u00e1, Z., Garaiova, I., \u010eura\u010dkov\u00e1, Z., and Trebatick\u00e1, J. (2021). The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Thromboxane, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Homocysteine, and Vitamin D in Depressive Children and Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041095"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, M.R., Ali, S., Karmoker, J.R., Kadir, M.F., Ahmed, M.U., Nahar, Z., Islam, S.M.A., Islam, M.S., Hasnat, A., and Islam, S. (2020). Evaluation of serum amino acids and non-enzymatic antioxidants in drug-na\u00efve first-episode major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02738-2"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"689","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression: Mechanisms, determination and application","volume":"28","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia. Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08568-9","article-title":"Associations between serum homocysteine levels and anxiety and depression among children and adolescents in Taiwan","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.001","article-title":"Zinc in depression: From development to treatment: A comparative\/dose response meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"74","author":"Yosaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.048","article-title":"Depression in adolescent girls: Relationship to serum vitamins a and E, immune response to heat shock protein 27 and systemic inflammation","volume":"252","author":"Bahrami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1334736","article-title":"High Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated with a Reduction in Depression Score Among Adolescent Girls: A Nine-Week Follow-Up Study","volume":"15","author":"Bahrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02176-6","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D deficiency on depressive symptoms in child and adolescent psychiatric patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Libuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12387","article-title":"The relationship of severity of depression with homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Esnafoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00489-4","article-title":"Vitamin D level in relation to depression symptoms during adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Shaban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0917-7","article-title":"Association of Mood Disorders with Serum Zinc Concentrations in Adolescent Female Students","volume":"178","author":"Tahmasebi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1301-6","article-title":"Relationship of Dietary and Serum Zinc with Depression Score in Iranian Adolescent Girls","volume":"186","author":"Gonoodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoepner, C.T., McIntyre, R.S., and Papakostas, G.I. (2021). Impact of Supplementation and Nutritional Interventions on Pathogenic Processes of Mood Disorders: A Review of the Evidence. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030767"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000400","article-title":"L-Methylfolate Calcium Supplementation in Adolescents and Children: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Rainka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13149","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine for depression and glutamate changes in the left prefrontal cortex in adolescents and young adults at risk for bipolar disorder: A pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Nery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0032","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine for Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behavior in Adolescents: An Open-Label Pilot Study","volume":"28","author":"Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110187","article-title":"A systematic review of microbiome changes and impact of probiotic supplementation in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"108","author":"Ligezka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19m02578","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.19m02578","article-title":"Oral Administration of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and Lactobacillus Plantarum HEAL9 Improves the Mild-To-Moderate Symptoms of Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"22","author":"Saccarello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion. CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.016","article-title":"Probiotic consumption during puberty mitigates LPS-induced immune responses and protects against stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood in a sex-specific manner","volume":"81","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1075-3","article-title":"Microbiome and Mental Health, Specifically as It Relates to Adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Simkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/20\/4390\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:25Z","timestamp":1760144245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/20\/4390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14204390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14204390","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]}}}