{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:46:44Z","timestamp":1788288404770,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tecton Group, LLC","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TCN006, a formulation of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate glycerides, is a promising ingredient for enhancing ketone intake of humans. Ketones have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. To be used by humans, TCN006 must be determined safe in appropriately designed safety studies. The results of a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro mammalian micronucleus study, and 14-and 90-day repeat dose toxicity studies in rats are reported herein. In the 14- and 90-day studies, male and female Wistar rats had free access to drinking water containing 0, 75,000, 125,000 or 200,000 ppm TCN006 for 92 and 93 days, respectively. TCN006 tested negative for genotoxicity and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for toxicity in the 14- and 90-day studies was 200,000 ppm, the highest dose administered. In the longer term study, the mean overall daily intake of TCN006 in the 200,000 ppm groups was 14,027.9 mg\/kg bw\/day for males and 20,507.0 mg\/kg bw\/day for females. At this concentration, palatability of water was likely affected, which led to a decrease in water consumption in both males and females compared to respective controls. This had no effect on the health of the animals. Although the rats were administered very high levels of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate glycerides, there were no signs of ketoacidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1666599546000},"page":"4426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Toxicity Investigations of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate Glycerides In Vitro and in Male and Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laurie C.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GRAS Associates, LLC., 11810 Grand Park Avenue, Suite 500, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Raphael","family":"Karikachery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velaphi C.","family":"Thipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Arceneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GRAS Associates, LLC., 11810 Grand Park Avenue, Suite 500, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita K.","family":"Katti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4171-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kattesh V.","family":"Katti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Green Nanotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4352-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alton M.","family":"Chesne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecton Group, LLC., 370 River Rd., Alexandria, LA 71302, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.10.003","article-title":"The ketogenic diet as a potential treatment and prevention strategy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Broom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz046","article-title":"Extended Ketogenic Diet and Physical Training Intervention in Military Personnel","volume":"184","author":"LaFountain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil. 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