{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:23:47Z","timestamp":1760232227874,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIH\/NIAAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA016781","R21AA022203","K23AA020516","R01AA027916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA016781","R21AA022203","K23AA020516","R01AA027916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lycaki-Young Fund","award":["R01AA016781","R21AA022203","K23AA020516","R01AA027916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA016781","R21AA022203","K23AA020516","R01AA027916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have previously demonstrated prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)-related alterations in maternal and infant iron homeostasis. Given that early iron deficiency and PAE both lead to growth restriction and deficits in recognition memory and processing speed, we hypothesized that PAE-related iron homeostasis alterations may mediate and\/or moderate effects of PAE on growth and neurobehavior. We examined this hypothesis in a prenatally recruited, prospective longitudinal birth cohort [87 mother-infant pairs with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (mean = 7.2 drinks\/occasion on 1.4 days\/week); 71 controls], with serial growth measures and infant neurobehavioral assessments. PAE was related to growth restriction at 2 weeks and 5 years, and, in infancy, poorer visual recognition memory, slower processing speed, lower complexity of symbolic play, and higher emotionality and shyness on a parental report temperament scale. Lower maternal hemoglobin-to-log(ferritin) ratio, which we have shown to be associated with PAE, appeared to exacerbate PAE-related 2-week head circumference reductions, and elevated maternal ferritin, which we have shown to be associated with PAE, appeared to exacerbate PAE-related visual recognition memory deficits. In causal inference analyses, PAE-related elevations in maternal ferritin and hemoglobin:log(ferritin) appeared to statistically mediate 22.6\u201382.3% of PAE-related growth restriction. These findings support potential mechanistic roles of iron homeostasis alterations in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1666599546000},"page":"4432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mediating and Moderating Effects of Iron Homeostasis Alterations on Fetal Alcohol-Related Growth and Neurobehavioral Deficits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R. Colin","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil C.","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Molteno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesta M.","family":"Meintjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra W.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3319","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"134","author":"May","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","article-title":"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities","volume":"319","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108408","article-title":"The prevalence, child characteristics, and maternal risk factors for the continuum of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A sixth population-based study in the same South African community","volume":"218","author":"May","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108918","article-title":"Estimating the community prevalence, child traits, and maternal risk factors of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) from a random sample of school children","volume":"227","author":"May","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154256","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256","article-title":"Updated clinical guidelines for diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"138","author":"Hoyme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0259","article-title":"A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Clarification of the 1996 Institute of Medicine criteria","volume":"115","author":"Hoyme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01810.x","article-title":"Effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and iron deficiency anemia on child growth and body composition through age 9 years","volume":"36","author":"Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. 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