{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:16:18Z","timestamp":1768824978123,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dietary Nutrition Research and Education Foundation of Danone Nutrition Center","award":["DIC2019-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIC2019-03"]}]},{"name":"Dietary Nutrition Research and Education Foundation of Danone Nutrition Center","award":["CNS-YUM2021-95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-YUM2021-95"]}]},{"name":"Dietary Nutrition Research and Education Foundation of Danone Nutrition Center","award":["2020-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-8"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Nutrition Society Yum Brands Health Fund","award":["DIC2019-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIC2019-03"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Nutrition Society Yum Brands Health Fund","award":["CNS-YUM2021-95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-YUM2021-95"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Nutrition Society Yum Brands Health Fund","award":["2020-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-8"]}]},{"name":"Top Young Talents in Shanghai","award":["DIC2019-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIC2019-03"]}]},{"name":"Top Young Talents in Shanghai","award":["CNS-YUM2021-95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-YUM2021-95"]}]},{"name":"Top Young Talents in Shanghai","award":["2020-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid dysfunction is associated with both vitamin D deficiency and iodine; however, it is unclear whether they interact. This study aimed to investigate whether and to what extent the interactions between vitamin D and iodine contribute to the risk of thyroid disorder. Participants (n = 4280) were chosen using multistage, stratified random sampling from Shanghai. Fasting blood was drawn for the 25(OH)D and thyroid parameter tests. Spot urine samples were gathered to test for urine iodine. To evaluate the interactive effects of vitamin D and iodine, crossover analysis was carried out. Pregnant women with a high urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and severe vitamin D deficiency had a significantly higher risk of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TrAb) positivity (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 5.22) in the first trimester. Severe vitamin D deficiency and high UIC interacted positively for the risk of TrAb positivity (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.910, 95%CI: 0.054, 3.766; attributable proportion = 0.700, 95%CI: 0.367, 1.03). Severe vitamin D deficiency combined with excess iodine could increase the risk of TrAb positivity in pregnant women in the first trimester.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T02:47:26Z","timestamp":1666752446000},"page":"4484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zehuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shupeng","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Risk Factors Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.07.004","article-title":"Endocrine disorders in pregnancy: Physiological and hormonal aspects of pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Mathiesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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