{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:28:53Z","timestamp":1776954533544,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Universities, and Research, Department of Excellence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our study aimed to show a relationship between metabolic control, vitamin D status (25OHD), and arachidonic acid (AA)\/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The secondary aim was to evaluate dietary intake and the presence of ketoacidosis (DKA) at the onset of T1D. Methods: A cohort of 40 children with T1D was recruited, mean age 9.7 years (7.1; 13), with onset of T1D in the last 5 years: some at onset (n: 20, group A) and others after 18.0 \u00b1 5 months (n: 20; group B). Twenty healthy children were compared as control subjects (CS). Dietary intakes were assessed through a diary food frequency questionnaire. Moreover, dried blood spots were used to test AA\/EPA ratio by gas chromatography. Results: T1D children had a lower percentage of sugar intake (p &lt; 0.02) than CS. Furthermore, group B introduced a greater amount of AA with the diet (g\/day; p &lt; 0.05) than CS (p &lt; 0.01) and group A (p &lt; 0.01). Children with an AA\/EPA ratio \u2264 22.5 (1st quartile) required a lower insulin demand and had higher 25OHD levels than those who were in the higher quartiles (p &lt; 0.05). Subjects with DKA (9\/40) had levels of 25OHD (p &lt; 0.05) and C-peptide (p &lt; 0.05) lower than those without DKA. Moreover, analyzing the food questionnaire in group A, subjects with DKA showed a lower intake of proteins, sugars, fiber (g\/day; p&lt; 0.05), vitamin D, EPA, and DHA (g\/day; p &lt; 0.01) compared to subjects without DKA. Non-linear associations between vitamin D intake (p &lt; 0.0001; r2:0.580) and linear between EPA intake and C-peptide (p &lt; 0.05; r: 0.375) were found in all subjects. Conclusions: The study shows a relationship between vitamin D status, AA\/EPA ratio, and metabolic state, probably due to their inflammatory and immune mechanisms. A different bromatological composition of the diet could impact the severity of the onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1667360204000},"page":"4603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vitamin D Repletion and AA\/EPA Intake in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Influences on Metabolic Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Savastio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Mancioppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Boggio Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Antoniotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Antonia","family":"Corsetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gigliola","family":"Montorfano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8582-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Maria","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bagnati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Novara, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4173-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Rabbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9660-5335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Prodam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"160","article-title":"Lipid profile and nutritional intake in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes improve after a structured dietician training to a Mediterranean-style diet","volume":"35","author":"Cadario","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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