{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:36:50Z","timestamp":1793241410325,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union","award":["740264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["740264"]}]},{"name":"The Finnish Medical Foundation","award":["740264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["740264"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An intricate relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and the human body has recently been extensively investigated. Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites, especially, tryptophan derivatives, modulate metabolic and immune functions in health and disease. One of the tryptophan derivatives, indolepropionic acid (IPA), is increasingly being studied as a marker for the onset and development of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The IPA levels heavily depend on the diet, particularly dietary fiber, and show huge variations among individuals. We suggest that these variations could partially be explained using genetic variants known to be associated with specific diseases such as T2D. In this narrative review, we elaborate on the beneficial effects of IPA in the mitigation of T2D and NAFLD, and further study the putative interactions between IPA and well-known genetic variants (TCF7L2, FTO, and PPARG), known to be associated with the risk of T2D. We have investigated the long-term preventive value of IPA in the development of T2D in the Finnish prediabetic population and the correlation of IPA with phytosterols in obese individuals from an ongoing Kuopio obesity surgery study. The diversity in IPA-linked mechanisms affecting glucose metabolism and liver fibrosis makes it a unique small metabolite and a promising candidate for the reversal or management of metabolic disorders, mainly T2D and NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1667790142000},"page":"4695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Indolepropionic Acid, a Gut Bacteria-Produced Tryptophan Metabolite and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ratika","family":"Sehgal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa D.","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaana","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Prevention Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Tuomilehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Prevention Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi","family":"Pihlajam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6052-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Uusitupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0170907","article-title":"The Fate of Indolepropionic Acid in the Animal Organism","volume":"17","author":"Ward","year":"1923","journal-title":"Biochem. 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