{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T03:59:41Z","timestamp":1783051181549,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 SA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an inflammatory state of the lactating mammary gland, which is asymptomatic and may have negative consequences for child growth. The objectives of this study were to: (1) test the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII\u00ae) and SCM and (2) assess the differences in nutrient intakes between women without SCM and those with SCM. One hundred and seventy-seven women with available data on human milk (HM) sodium potassium ratio (Na:K) and dietary intake data were included for analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between nutrient intake and the DII score in relation to SCM. Women without SCM had a lower median DII score (0.60) than women with moderate (1.12) or severe (1.74) SCM (p &lt; 0.01). A one-unit increase in DII was associated with about 41% increased odds of having SCM, adjusting for country and mode of delivery, p = 0.001. Women with SCM had lower mean intakes of several anti-inflammatory nutrients. We show for the first time exploratory evidence that SCM may be associated with a pro-inflammatory diet and women with SCM have lower intakes of several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1667897576000},"page":"4719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Lactating European Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Myriam C.","family":"Afeiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Institute of Health Sciences, Nestl\u00e9 Research, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Iroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Institute of Health Sciences, Nestl\u00e9 Research, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4975-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Thielecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, 8105 Regendorf, Switzerland"},{"name":"T2 Bene Ltd., 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio C.","family":"De Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAS Institute Pte Ltd., Singapore 078881, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crown Bioscience, San Diego, CA 92127, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen F.","family":"Draper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhenomX Health LaForge, Fondation EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsti","family":"Haaland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Marchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Agosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Woman and Child Department, Del Ponte Hospital, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thameur","family":"Rakza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Lille University Hospital, 59037 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-5158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Costeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS) and Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics (3B\u2019s), PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Senhora da Oliveira Hospital, 4835-044 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Vanpee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Children\u2019s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Billeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital des Enfants, CHU Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Picaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, 69004 Lyon, France"},{"name":"CarMen Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRA 69221, INSA Lyon, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, 69000 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl Lim Kah","family":"Hian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guimei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinu M.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Product Technology Center-Nutrition, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Produits Nestl\u00e9 S.A., 1800 Vevey, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/089033449801400209","article-title":"Risk factors for lactation mastitis","volume":"14","author":"Fetherston","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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