{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:51:23Z","timestamp":1792180283183,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital State Research Funding"},{"name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation"},{"name":"P\u00e4ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carnitine has an essential role in energy metabolism with possible neuroprotective effects. Very preterm (VPT, &lt;32 gestation weeks) infants may be predisposed to carnitine deficiency during hospitalization. We studied the associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with growth and brain size at term equivalent age (TEA) in VPT infants. This prospective cohort study included 35 VTP infants admitted to Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. Daily nutrient intakes were registered at postnatal weeks (W) 1 and 5, and serum carnitine levels were determined at W1, W5, and TEA. The primary outcomes were weight, length, and head circumference Z-score change from birth to TEA, as well as brain size at TEA in magnetic resonance imaging. Carnitine intake at W1 and W5, obtained from enteral milk, correlated positively with serum carnitine levels. Both carnitine intake and serum levels at W1, W5, and TEA showed a positive correlation with weight, length, and head circumference Z-score change and with brain size at TEA. In linear models, independent positive associations of carnitine intake and serum carnitine levels with length and head circumference Z-score change and brain size at TEA were seen. In VPT infants, sufficient carnitine intake during hospitalization is necessary since it is associated with better postnatal growth and larger brain size at term age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:07:48Z","timestamp":1668046068000},"page":"4725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Carnitine Intake and Serum Levels Associate Positively with Postnatal Growth and Brain Size at Term in Very Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Suvi","family":"Manninen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Silvennoinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Bendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lankinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula S.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Sankilampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.943","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Guideline development process for the updated guidelines","volume":"37","author":"Mihatsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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