{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:50:06Z","timestamp":1790617806053,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["No. SQ2017YFSF090013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SQ2017YFSF090013"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["No. 2017YFC0907203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFC0907203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Xinjiang autonomous region, located in west China, has a unique ethnic structure and a well-developed livestock industry. People in this region have a high risk of exposure to antibiotics, but the exposure level to antibiotics in relation to dietary determinants is unknown. In this study, 18 antibiotics, including four human antibiotics (HAs), four veterinary antibiotics (VAs), and 10 preferred veterinary antibiotics (PVAs) were detected in the urine of approximately half of the 873 adults in Xinjiang, including Han Chinese (24.6%), Hui (25.1%), Uighur (24.6%), and Kazakh (25.7%). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between antibiotic exposure levels and adult diet and water intake. The detection percentage of antibiotics in the urine of adults in Xinjiang ranged from 0.1% to 30.1%, with a total detection percentage of all antibiotics of 49.8%. HAs, VAs and PVAs were detected in 12.3%, 10.3%, and 40.5%, respectively. Fluoroquinolones were the antibiotics with the highest detection percentage (30.1%) and tetracyclines were the antibiotics with the highest detected concentration (17 ng\/mL). Adults who regularly ate pork, consumed fruit daily, and did not prefer a plant-based diet were associated with thiamphenicol, norfloxacin, and fluoroquinolones, respectively. These results indicated that adults in the Xinjiang autonomous region were extensively exposed to multiple antibiotics, and some types of food were potential sources of exposure. Special attention should be paid to the health effects of antibiotic exposure in humans in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:33:02Z","timestamp":1668115982000},"page":"4748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Urinary Antibiotics and Dietary Determinants in Adults in Xinjiang, West China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hexing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahegu","family":"Yimingniyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilihumaer","family":"Aili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 567 Shangde North Road, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingwu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e893","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00280-1","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption and usage in humans, 2000\u201318: A spatial modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Browne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. 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