{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:03:18Z","timestamp":1792180998892,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Succinic acid is widely used as a food additive, and its effects on sepsis, cancer, ataxia, and obesity were recently reported. Dietary drug exposure studies have been conducted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of succinic acid, but limited pharmacokinetic information is available. Therefore, this study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles and tissue distribution of succinic acid following a single intravenous or oral dose. A surrogate analyte, succinic acid-13C4 (13C4SA), was administrated to distinguish endogenous and exogenous succinic acid. The concentration of 13C4SA was determined by a validated analytical method using mass spectrometry. After a 10 mg\/kg intravenous dose, non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis in plasma illustrated that the clearance, volume of distribution, and terminal half-life of 13C4SA were 4574.5 mL\/h\/kg, 520.8 mL\/kg, and 0.56 h, respectively. Oral 13C4SA was absorbed and distributed quickly (bioavailability, 1.5%) at a dose of 100 mg\/kg. In addition, 13C4SA exposure was the highest in the liver, followed by brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, and the kidneys. This is the first report on the pharmacokinetics of succinic acid after a single dose in mice, and these results could provide a foundation for selecting dosing regimens for efficacy studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:33:02Z","timestamp":1668115982000},"page":"4757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of 13C-Labeled Succinic Acid in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0693-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghwan","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Sook","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6519-6492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunjoo","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16015","article-title":"Energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue","volume":"288","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0353-2","article-title":"Accumulation of succinate controls activation of adipose tissue thermogenesis","volume":"560","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14630","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14630","article-title":"The effect of succinic acid on the metabolic profile in high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Ives","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. 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