{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T19:12:49Z","timestamp":1770577969977,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poor diet is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases including cancer. Understanding broader contextual factors that influence dietary intake is important for making tangible progress towards improving diet at the population level. This study investigated neighbourhood social and built environment factors and fruit and vegetable intake among ~28,000 adults aged 35\u201369 years within the BC Generations Project. Daily fruit and vegetable intake was categorized according to guidelines (\u22655 servings\/day vs. &lt;5 servings\/day). Geospatial characteristics included walkability, greenness, marginalization, and material and social deprivation, reflecting access to goods and amenities and social relationships. Generalized, linear mixed-effect models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and lifestyle variables were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs). Participants living in neighbourhoods with greater material deprivation (e.g., OR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.70\u20130.86 for very high material deprivation) and very high social deprivation (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82\u20130.99) were less likely to meet recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption relative to those living in areas with very low material deprivation and very low social deprivation, respectively. Relative to participants living in areas with very low greenness, participants living in neighbourhoods with high (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.20) to very high (OR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.21) greenness were more likely to meet recommendations for fruits and vegetables. These findings highlight the complexity of dietary intake which may be shaped by multiple neighbourhood characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:02:29Z","timestamp":1668751349000},"page":"4882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dietary Intake and the Neighbourhood Environment in the BC Generations Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4383-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kuczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parveen","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2510-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor J. B.","family":"Dummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators (2019). Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 393, 1958\u20131972."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E601","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.212097","article-title":"Projected estimates of cancer in Canada in 2022","volume":"194","author":"Brenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Med Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Canadian Cancer Statistics Advisory Committee in Collaboration with the Canadian Cancer Society, Statistics Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada (2021). Canadian Cancer Statistics 2021, Canadian Cancer Society. Available online: https:\/\/cancer.ca\/Canadian-Cancer-Statistics-2021-EN."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, September 12). Canada\u2019s Food Guide. Healthy Eating Recommendations. Government of Canada. Available online: https:\/\/food-guide.canada.ca\/en\/healthy-eating-recommendations\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hack, S., Jessri, M., and L\u2019Abb\u00e9, M.R. (2020). Evaluating Diet Quality of Canadian Adults Using Health Canada\u2019s Surveillance Tool Tier System: Findings from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041113"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: Shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Raphael, D. (2009). Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, Canadian Scholars\u2019 Press Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInerney, M., Csizmadi, I., Friedenreich, C.M., Uribe, F.A., Nettel-Aguirre, A., McLaren, L., Potestio, M., Sandalack, B., and McCormack, G.R. (2016). Associations between the neighbourhood food environment, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, and diet quality: An observational study. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3631-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilham, K., Gu, Q., Dummer, T.J.B., Spinelli, J.J., and Murphy, R.A. (2020). Diet Quality and Neighborhood Environment in the Atlantic Partnership for Tomorrow\u2019s Health Project. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103217"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Minkler, M., and Wallerstein, N. (2003). The conceptual, historical and practice roots of community-based participatory research and related participatory traditions. Community-Based Participatory Research for Health, Jossey-Bass. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Solar, O., and Irwin, A. (2010). A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.005","article-title":"Association of residential greenness with obesity and physical activity in a US cohort of women","volume":"160","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congdon, P. (2019). Obesity and Urban Environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030464"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5898","article-title":"Association of Neighborhood Walkability with Change in Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes","volume":"315","author":"Creatore","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13171","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13171","article-title":"Associations between the built environment and dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity: A scoping review of reviews","volume":"22","author":"Dixon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28648","article-title":"Interactive effects of reward sensitivity and residential fast-food restaurant exposure on fast-food consumption","volume":"91","author":"Paquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.05.006","article-title":"The local food environment and diet: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Caspi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.20.1.287","article-title":"The Social Environment and Health: A Discussion of the Epidemiologic Literature","volume":"20","author":"Yen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465a","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.3.465a","article-title":"A definition of \u201csocial environment\u201d","volume":"91","author":"Casper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.06.004","article-title":"Do health behaviors mediate the association between social capital and health?","volume":"43","author":"Poortinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/19320248.2010.504094","article-title":"Eating Behaviors and Social Capital Are Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Rural Adults","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hunger Environ. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-017-0096-6","article-title":"Is gentrification all bad? Positive association between gentrification and individual\u2019s perceived neighborhood collective efficacy in Montreal, Canada","volume":"16","author":"Wasfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-4","article-title":"The case of Montr\u00e9al\u2032s missing food deserts: Evaluation of acessibility to food supermarkets","volume":"6","author":"Apparicio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-16","article-title":"Mapping the evolution of \u201cfood deserts\u201d in a Canadian city: Supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961\u20132005","volume":"7","author":"Larsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy160","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The British Columbia Generations Project (BCGP)","volume":"48","author":"Dhalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Garriguet, D. (2009). Diet quality in Canada. Component of Statistics Canada Catalogue no.: 82-003-X Health Reports, Statistics Canada."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996","article-title":"Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Mortality: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies of US Men and Women and a Meta-Analysis of 26 Cohort Studies","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research (2018). Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: A Global Perspective Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018, World Cancer Research Fund International."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060954","article-title":"Body mass index in urban Canada: Neighborhood and metropolitan area effects","volume":"97","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ross, N., Wasfi, R., Herrmann, T., and Gleckner, W. (2022, September 02). Canadian Active Living Environments Database (Can-ALE) User Manual. Available online: http:\/\/canue.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/CanALE_UserGuide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403823","article-title":"Development of the Canadian Marginalization Index: A new tool for the study of inequality","volume":"103","author":"Matheson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403824","article-title":"An area-based material and social deprivation index for public health in Qu\u00e9bec and Canada","volume":"103","author":"Pampalon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2017, March 30). IPAQ Scoring Protocol\u2014International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/theipaq\/scoring-protocol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hox, J.J. (2002). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2018, June 22). Postal Code Conversion File Plus (PCCF+) Version 6C, August 2015 Postal Codes. Quantitative Methodology Series. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11272\/10350."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab143","article-title":"Nutrient intakes of Canadian adults: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)\u20132015 Public Use Microdata File","volume":"114","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001470","article-title":"The association between socio-economic position and diet quality in Australian adults","volume":"19","author":"Backholer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algren, M.H., Bak, C.K., Berg-Beckhoff, G., and Andersen, P.T. (2015). Health-Risk Behaviour in Deprived Neighbourhoods Compared with Non-Deprived Neighbourhoods: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Observational Studies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139297"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, A.L., Bentham, G., Day, P., and Kingham, S. (2014). Associations between neighbourhood environmental characteristics and obesity and related behaviours among adult New Zealanders. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-553"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926","article-title":"Creating Healthy Food and Eating Environments: Policy and Environmental Approaches","volume":"29","author":"Story","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v6i1.445","article-title":"Enhancing quality of life through the lens of green spaces: A systematic review approach","volume":"6","author":"Mensah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Wellbeing"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.11.020","article-title":"The relationship of physical activity and overweight to objectively measured green space accessibility and use","volume":"70","author":"Coombes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00552-1","article-title":"The 2011 and 2016 iterations of the Ontario Marginalization Index: Updates, consistency and a cross-sectional study of health outcome associations","volume":"113","author":"Matheson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01164-1","article-title":"Dynamics of the complex food environment underlying dietary intake in low-income groups: A systems map of associations extracted from a systematic umbrella literature review","volume":"18","author":"Sawyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.29.4.05","article-title":"A deprivation index for health planning in Canada","volume":"29","author":"Pampalon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"207","article-title":"Health and deprivation: Inequality and the North","volume":"10","author":"Townsend","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Policy"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/22\/4882\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:05Z","timestamp":1760145665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/22\/4882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14224882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14224882","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]}}}