{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T19:08:22Z","timestamp":1774811302787,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an anonymous online study (N = 824), we investigated the frequency of use of appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements (APEDS) in a sample of young men (15\u201330 years) in Sweden, along with their self-reported eating disorder (ED) symptoms, drive for muscularity and sexual orientation. A total of 129 participants (16.1%) reported regular use of supplements (at least once a week), including one individual using anabolic steroids (0.1%), while a lifetime use of APEDS was reported by 32.3%. The overlap between those using protein supplements and creatine was large (83.6%). Some symptoms of ED (e.g., dietary restraint, objective binge eating, self-induced vomiting, and excessive exercise) significantly predicted the use of APEDS. In addition, the use of APEDS was significantly predicted by the drive for muscularity. The prediction was stronger for the behavioral component of drive for muscularity (Exponential B = 8.50, B = 2.14, SE = 0.16, p &lt; 0.001, Negelkerke R2 = 0.517) than for its attitudinal component (Exponential B = 1.52, B = 0.42, SE = 0.06, p &lt; 0.001, Negelkerke R2 = 0.088). A significantly larger proportion of those identifying as heterosexual reported using APEDS (34.4%) compared to those identifying themselves as homosexual (25.0%), bisexual (19.2%) or other (23.7%). Overall, our results suggest that the use of APEDS might be more related to the drive for muscularity and sexual orientation than symptoms of ED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:13:36Z","timestamp":1669004016000},"page":"4920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Appearance and Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Supplements, Eating Disorders Symptoms, Drive for Muscularity, and Sexual Orientation in a Sample of Young Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8483-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ata","family":"Ghaderi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm Centre for Eating Disorders, 10462 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74","article-title":"Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. 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