{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:35:01Z","timestamp":1790256901555,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but largely undiagnosed clinical condition, which is turning into a serious public health issue. Of note is that its prevalence is gradually increasing in parallel with the obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) epidemics. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the literature in order to evaluate the cardiovascular (CV) risk among patients with OSA and prediabetes or T2DM. OSA seems to be an independent risk factor for the development as well as the progression of T2DM, whereas it is associated with T2DM-related macrovascular and microvascular complications. OSA may also act as a potential risk factor for the presentation and development of CV disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation and other cardiac arrythmias, as well as stroke. OSA and T2DM also share common pathophysiological mechanisms leading to atherosclerosis. Considering that the coexistence of OSA and T2DM is an independent and cumulative risk factor for CV mortality, more so than the two diseases separately, clinicians and healthcare professionals should be aware of and screen for OSA in patients with T2DM. Notably, targeted therapy for both conditions seems to substantially improve CV prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14234989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T02:54:05Z","timestamp":1669258445000},"page":"4989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula A.","family":"Paschou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3680-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evanthia","family":"Bletsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, Sotiria Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Saltiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Kazakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanella","family":"Kantreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Katsaounou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Rovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0037-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Trakada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Bakakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalambos V.","family":"Vlachopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Psaltopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-32318","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome in U.S. communities","volume":"6","author":"Kapur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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