{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:34:03Z","timestamp":1760232843099,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]},{"name":"Delegaci\u00f3n del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds\/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]},{"name":"Research Committee of the University Hospital of Bellvitge","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling","award":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-101837-B-100","2019I47","2021I031","PI17\/01167","PI20\/00132","Post-Residency","CM21\/00172","ICREA-Academia","2021-Programme"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gambling disorder (GD) is a modestly prevalent and severe condition for which neurobiology is not yet fully understood. Although alterations in signals involved in energy homeostasis have been studied in substance use disorders, they have yet to be examined in detail in GD. The aims of the present study were to compare different endocrine and neuropsychological factors between individuals with GD and healthy controls (HC) and to explore endocrine interactions with neuropsychological and clinical variables. A case\u2013control design was performed in 297 individuals with GD and 41 individuals without (healthy controls; HCs), assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery. For the evaluation of endocrine and anthropometric variables, 38 HCs were added to the 41 HCs initially evaluated. Individuals with GD presented higher fasting plasma ghrelin (p &lt; 0.001) and lower LEAP2 and adiponectin concentrations (p &lt; 0.001) than HCs, after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The GD group reported higher cognitive impairment regarding cognitive flexibility and decision-making strategies, a worse psychological state, higher impulsivity levels, and a more dysfunctional personality profile. Despite failing to find significant associations between endocrine factors and either neuropsychological or clinical aspects in the GD group, some impaired cognitive dimensions (i.e., WAIS Vocabulary test and WCST Perseverative errors) and lower LEAP2 concentrations statistically predicted GD presence. The findings from the present study suggest that distinctive neuropsychological and endocrine dysfunctions may operate in individuals with GD and predict GD presence. Further exploration of endophenotypic vulnerability pathways in GD appear warranted, especially with respect to etiological and therapeutic potentials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:32:53Z","timestamp":1669782773000},"page":"5084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Are Signals Regulating Energy Homeostasis Related to Neuropsychological and Clinical Features of Gambling Disorder? A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mikel","family":"Etxandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Baenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernat","family":"Mora-Maltas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6308-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roser","family":"Granero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulay","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0433-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neus","family":"Sol\u00e9-Morata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9426-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabela","family":"Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"G\u00f3mez-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Moragas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amparo del","family":"Pino-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Codina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Valenciano-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6323-1354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"},{"name":"Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"},{"name":"Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Di\u00e9guez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3596-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"APA American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0099-7","article-title":"Gambling disorder","volume":"5","author":"Potenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of neurotrophin genes involved in the vulnerability to gambling disorder","volume":"12","author":"Baenas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109802","article-title":"The anticipatory dopamine response in addiction: A common neurobiological underpinning of gambling disorder and substance use disorder?","volume":"98","author":"Linnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774050","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.774050","article-title":"An Overview of Appetite-Regulatory Peptides in Addiction Processes; From Bench to Bed Side","volume":"15","author":"Shevchouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"247","article-title":"The transition to compulsion in addiction","volume":"21","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.078","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with pathological gambling and internet use disorder","volume":"226","author":"Geisel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034","article-title":"Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review","volume":"119","author":"Pettorruso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.226","article-title":"Exogenous ghrelin administration increases alcohol self-administration and modulates brain functional activity in heavy-drinking alcohol-dependent individuals","volume":"23","author":"Farokhnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.08.004","article-title":"Relationship between craving and plasma leptin concentrations in patients with cocaine addiction","volume":"85","author":"Martinotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iovino, M., Messana, T., Lisco, G., Mariano, F., Giagulli, V.A., Guastamacchia, E., De Pergola, G., and Triggiani, V. (2022). Neuroendocrine modulation of food intake and eating behavior. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 22.","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530322666220127114326"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473707666140205200532","article-title":"Role of ghrelin in drug abuse and reward-relevant behaviors: A burgeoning field and gaps in the literature","volume":"6","author":"Revitsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abuse Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105847","article-title":"Assessing the role of ghrelin and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) system in food reward, food motivation, and binge eating behavior","volume":"172","author":"Botticelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105442","article-title":"Gut hormones, adipokines, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines\/markers in loss of control eating: A scoping review","volume":"166","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sustkova-Fiserova, M., Charalambous, C., Khryakova, A., Certilina, A., Lapka, M., and \u0160lamberov\u00e1, R. (2022). The Role of Ghrelin\/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020761"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.12.012","article-title":"The impact of the appetite-regulating, orexigenic peptide ghrelin on alcohol use disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical data","volume":"131","author":"Koopmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00308.x","article-title":"Ghrelin system in alcohol-dependent subjects: Role of plasma ghrelin levels in alcohol drinking and craving","volume":"17","author":"Leggio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00238.x","article-title":"Relationship between ghrelin levels, alcohol craving, and nutritional status in current alcoholic patients","volume":"30","author":"Addolorato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2007.00052.x","article-title":"Correlation between serum ghrelin levels and cocaine-seeking behaviour triggered by cocaine-associated conditioned stimuli in rats","volume":"12","author":"Tessari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174039","article-title":"A ghrelin receptor antagonist reduces the ability of ghrelin, alcohol, or amphetamine to induce a dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area and in nucleus accumbens shell in rats","volume":"899","author":"Edvardsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchankova, P., Steensland, P., Fredriksson, I., Engel, J.A., and Jerlhag, E. (2013). Ghrelin Receptor (GHS-R1A) Antagonism Suppresses Both Alcohol Consumption and the Alcohol Deprivation Effect in Rats following Long-Term Voluntary Alcohol Consumption. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071284"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.10.016","article-title":"LEAP2 Is an Endogenous Antagonist of the Ghrelin Receptor","volume":"27","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugilde, J., Casado, S., Beiroa, D., Cu\u00f1arro, J., Garc\u00eda-Lavandeira, M., \u00c1lvarez, C.V., Nogueiras, R., Tovar, S., and Di\u00e9guez, C. (2022). LEAP-2 Counteracts Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake in a NutrientGrowth Hormone and Age Independent Manner. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030324"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, K., Giddens, E., Stark, R., Frisch, E., Moskovsky, N., Kakoschke, N., Stout, J.C., Bellgrove, M.A., Andrews, Z.B., and Verdejo Garc\u00eda, A. (2021). The hunger games: Homeostatic state-dependent fluctuations in disinhibition measured with a novel gamified test battery. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062001"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12663","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12663","article-title":"Ghrelin receptor deletion reduces binge-like alcohol drinking in rats","volume":"31","author":"Zallar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0178-y","article-title":"Role of appetite-regulating peptides in the pathophysiology of addiction: Implications for pharmacotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Engel","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2018.07.004","article-title":"Pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system and alcohol hangover symptoms in heavy drinking individuals: Is there a link?","volume":"172","author":"Farokhnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.10.011","article-title":"Hungry to gamble? Ghrelin as a predictor of persistent gambling in the face of loss","volume":"139","author":"Sztainert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182919ff4","article-title":"Personality traits and leptin","volume":"75","author":"Sutin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa044","article-title":"The Impact of Appetite-Regulating Neuropeptide Leptin on Alcohol Use, Alcohol Craving and Addictive Behavior: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data","volume":"56","author":"Bach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2637","article-title":"The association of serum leptin levels with food addiction is moderated by weight status in adolescent psychiatric inpatients","volume":"26","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Eat Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.09.026","article-title":"Effects of leptin and ghrelin on neural cue-reactivity in alcohol addiction: Two streams merge to one river?","volume":"100","author":"Bach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.02.009","article-title":"Leptin levels and its correlation with crack-cocaine use severity: A preliminary study","volume":"671","author":"Escobar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.101967","article-title":"Leptin levels in alcohol dependent patients and their relationship with withdrawal and craving","volume":"51","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.042","article-title":"Plasma levels of leptin in patients with pathological gambling, internet gaming disorder and alcohol use disorder","volume":"268","author":"Geisel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"916","article-title":"The effect of opium addiction on serum adiponectin and leptin levels in male subjects: A case control study from Kerman Coronary Artery disease risk factors study (KERCADRS)","volume":"12","author":"Shahouzehi","year":"2013","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.019","article-title":"Increased levels of adiponectin and resistin in alcohol dependence--possible link to craving","volume":"99","author":"Hillemacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano-Madrid, M., Bryan, D.C., Granero, R., S\u00e1nchez, I., Riesco, N., Mallorqu\u00ed-Bagu\u00e9, N., Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S., Treasure, J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda, F. (2020). Impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and executive function deficits could be associated with alcohol and drug abuse in eating disorders. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061936"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.022","article-title":"Compulsivity-related neurocognitive performance deficits in gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Daams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.29.2.298","article-title":"Impulsive decision making and working memory","volume":"29","author":"Hinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychology. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-017-9724-0","article-title":"Cognitive Deficits in Executive Functions and Decision-Making Impairments Cluster Gambling Disorder Sub-types","volume":"34","author":"Granero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-020-00212-7","article-title":"Decision-Making in Gambling Disorder, Problematic Pornography Use, and Binge Eating Disorder: Similarities and Differences","volume":"7","author":"Potenza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"475","article-title":"Is Pathological Gambling Moderated by Age?","volume":"30","author":"Granero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2019.09.001","article-title":"Comparison of gambling profiles based on strategic versus non-strategic preferences","volume":"31","author":"Granero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.090095","article-title":"Effect of executive functioning, decision-making and self-reported impulsivity on the treatment outcome of pathologic gambling","volume":"36","author":"Ochoa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.051","article-title":"The relevance of personality traits in impulsivity-related disorders: From substance use disorders and gambling disorder to bulimia nervosa","volume":"6","author":"Granero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-021-10092-5","article-title":"Clustering Treatment Outcomes in Women with Gambling Disorder","volume":"38","author":"Granero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000468","article-title":"Big Five personality traits and alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and gambling disorder comorbidity","volume":"33","author":"Dash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.03.007","article-title":"Personality profiles of substance and behavioral addictions","volume":"82","author":"Zilberman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.107176","article-title":"Do emotion regulation and impulsivity differ according to gambling preferences in clinical samples of gamblers?","volume":"126","author":"Granero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00703-3","article-title":"Circulating LEAP-2 is associated with puberty in girls","volume":"45","author":"Lugilde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125332","article-title":"LEAP2 changes with body mass and food intake in humans and mice","volume":"129","author":"Mani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pena-Bello, L., Pertega-Diaz, S., Outeiri\u00f1o-Blanco, E., Garc\u00eda-Buela, J., Tovar, S., Sangiao-Alvarellos, S., Di\u00e9guez, C., and Cordido, F. (2015). Effect of oral glucose administration on rebound growth hormone release in normal and obese women: The role of adiposity, insulin sensitivity and ghrelin. PLoS ONE., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121087"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","author":"Bechara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/h0059831","article-title":"A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem","volume":"38","author":"Grant","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Golden, C.J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses, Stoelting."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","article-title":"Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":"8","author":"Reitan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Memory Scale, The Psychological Corporation. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1999). KA WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, TEA Ediciones SA. [3rd ed.]. [Book in Spanish]."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"875960","article-title":"Vocabulary is an appropriate measure of premorbid intelligence in a sample with heterogeneous educational level in Brazil","volume":"2014","author":"Nitrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.9.1184","article-title":"The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers","volume":"144","author":"Lesieur","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"769","article-title":"Cuestionario de Juego Patol\u00f3gico de South Oaks (SOGS): Validaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola","volume":"20","author":"Baez","year":"1994","journal-title":"An\u00e1lisis Modif Conduct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.180","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling","volume":"160","author":"Stinchfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-008-9104-x","article-title":"Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a Spanish translation of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling","volume":"25","author":"Stinchfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Derogatis, L.R. (1994). SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist-90-R. Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manuall\u2014II for the Revised Version, Clinical Psychometric Research."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Derogatis, L.R. (2002). SCL-90-R. Cuestionario de 90 S\u00edntomas-Manual, TEA Editorial."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Cloninger, C.R. (1999). The Temperament and Character Inventory\u2014Revised. Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"8","article-title":"Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R). Standardization and normative data in a general population sample","volume":"32","author":"Montserrat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/per.556","article-title":"Validation of the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale: A four-factor model of impulsivity","volume":"19","author":"Whiteside","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903382369","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the UPPS-P impulsive behavior scale: Reliability, validity and association with trait and cognitive impulsivity","volume":"92","author":"Lozano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Murcia, S., Aymam\u00ed-Sanrom\u00e0, M., G\u00f3mez-Pena, M., \u00c1lvarez-Moya, E., and Vallejo, J. (2006). Protocols de Tractament Cognitivoconductual pel joc Patol\u00f2gic i D\u2019altres Addiccions no T\u00f2xiques [Protocols of Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for Pathological Gambling and Other Behavioural Addictions], Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Stata-Corp (2021). Stata Statistical Software: Release 17, Stata Press Publication (StataCorp LLC)."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028086","article-title":"On effect size","volume":"17","author":"Kelley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.4.331","article-title":"Computing contrasts, effect sizes and counternulls on other people\u2019s published data: General procedures for research consumers","volume":"1","author":"Rosnow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10476358","article-title":"On the false discovery rate and expecte type I errors","volume":"88","author":"Finner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12114","article-title":"The role of ghrelin in drug and natural reward","volume":"18","author":"Vengeliene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2019.10.014","article-title":"Gambling and Gaming disorders and physical health of players: A critical review of the literature","volume":"48","author":"Benchebra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31829e9b36","article-title":"Increased incidence of cardiovascular conditions among older adults with pathological gambling features in a prospective study","volume":"7","author":"Pilver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"59","article-title":"Overexpression of adiponectin receptors in opium users with and without cancer","volume":"12","author":"Firouzabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Adv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005500804","article-title":"Subtyping study of a pathological gamblers sample","volume":"55","author":"Granero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2018.1469658","article-title":"Relating neural processing of reward and loss prospect to risky decision-making in individuals with and without Gambling Disorder","volume":"18","author":"Balodis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-9996-8","article-title":"Cool Decision-Making in Adolescents with Behavior Disorder and\/or Mild-to-Borderline Intellectual Disability","volume":"44","author":"Bexkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-013-9440-7","article-title":"A Feedback-Response Pause Normalises Response Perseveration Deficits in Pathological Gamblers","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2641","article-title":"Unravelling the role and mechanism of adipokine and gastrointestinal signals in animal models in the nonhomeostatic control of energy homeostasis: Implications for binge eating disorder","volume":"26","author":"Novelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000369528","article-title":"Predictors of outcome among pathological gamblers receiving cognitive behavioral group therapy","volume":"21","author":"Granero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9537-y","article-title":"Mediational Role of Age of Onset in Gambling Disorder, a Path Modeling Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Granero","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with disordered gambling in Finland","volume":"8","author":"Basnet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.12.005","article-title":"The dimensional assessment of personality in pathologic and social gamblers: The role of novelty seeking and self-transcendence","volume":"37","author":"Martinotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00497","article-title":"The contribution of sex, personality traits, age of onset and disorder duration to behavioral addictions","volume":"9","author":"Granero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment challenges and determinants of adolescents\u2019 adverse psychosocial consequences of gambling","volume":"21","author":"Dodig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kriminol. Soc. Integr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.101013","article-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Appetite-regulating hormones in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Misiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/23\/5084\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:29:37Z","timestamp":1760146177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/23\/5084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14235084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14235084","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]}}}