{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:49:20Z","timestamp":1790927360977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequent consumption of sports and energy drinks among athletes is of concern due to its detrimental impact on oral health. The present study aimed to assess sports and energy drink consumption, oral health status and impacts on daily activities and sports performance among elite athletes from Pakistan. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sports and energy drink consumption, oral health and hygiene practices, self-reported oral health and psychosocial and performance impact was assessed using a self-administered, structured questionnaire followed by clinical oral examination by a single, experienced dentist. A total of 104 athletes, a majority of whom were male (80.8%), participated in the study. Around two third of the participants reported consumption of sports and energy drinks, energy gels or bars at least once a week, the commonest being Sting. Despite good oral hygiene practices, the athletes generally had poor oral health with high prevalence of dental caries (63.5%), gingivitis (46.1%), irreversible periodontitis (26.9%) and erosive tooth wear (21.2%). More than a quarter (28.8%) of the athletes rated their oral health as fair\u2014very poor. Four in five athletes (80%) also experienced at least one oral problem with negative impacts on daily activities (64.4%) and participation training and sports performance (36.5%). Regression analyses revealed a significant association between periodontal disease and impact on both daily activities and sports performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that high-prevalence sports and energy drink consumption and oral problems among elite athletes from Pakistan has a negative impact on daily activities and sports performance. These findings may have important implications for oral health education programs, and the need to create awareness among the athletes regarding the use of sports and energy drinks, as well as regular oral health screening of athletes to minimize the impact on performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:32:53Z","timestamp":1669782773000},"page":"5089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Sports and Energy Drink Consumption, Oral Health Problems and Performance Impact among Elite Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kamran","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, MTI Hayat Abad Medical Complex, Hayat Abad Phase 4, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Trakman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0905-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"},{"name":"School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4502-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 71-330 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metab","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. 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