{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:24:29Z","timestamp":1792621469797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Twenty percent of deaths in the United States are secondary to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In patients with hyperlipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia, studies have shown high atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) event rates despite the use of statins. Given the association of high triglyceride (TG) levels with elevated cholesterol and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the American Heart Association (AHA)\/American College of Cardiology (ACC) cholesterol guidelines recommend using elevated TGs as a \u201crisk-enhancing factor\u201d for ASCVD and using omega 3 fatty acids (\u03a93FAs) for patients with persistently elevated severe hypertriglyceridemia. \u03a93FA, or fish oils (FOs), have been shown to reduce very high TG levels, hospitalizations, and CVD mortality in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We have published the largest meta-analysis to date demonstrating significant effects on several CVD outcomes, especially fatal myocardial infarctions (MIs) and total MIs. Despite the most intensive research on \u03a93FAs on CVD, their benefits have been demonstrated to cluster across multiple systems and pathologies, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, chronic kidney disease, central nervous system diseases, and, most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. A review and summary of the controversies surrounding \u03a93FAs, some of the latest evidence-based findings, and the current and most updated recommendations on \u03a93FAs are presented in this paper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:40:09Z","timestamp":1670215209000},"page":"5146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Update on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Clinical School\u2014The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl J.","family":"Lavie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Clinical School\u2014The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Elagizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Clinical School\u2014The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard V.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Clinical School\u2014The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142022 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91658-8","article-title":"Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Pattern in Greenlandic West-Coast Eskimos","volume":"297","author":"Bang","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Murphy, S.L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K.D., and Arias, E. 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