{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:38:18Z","timestamp":1791499098381,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004861","name":"Mackay Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMH-107-84"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMH-107-84"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Small for gestational age (SGA) birth is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. The aim of this preliminary observational study was to investigate the difference in gut microbiota between SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW). We included 20 VLBW preterm infants (SGA, n = 10; AGA, n = 10) in this study. Stool samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 30 after birth. We performed 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing to compare microbiota composition between both groups. The SGA group exhibited a lower abundance of Klebsiella on day 14 (SGA, 0.57%; AGA, 7.42%; p = 0.037). On day 30, the SGA group exhibited a lower abundance of Klebsiella (SGA 3.76% vs. AGA 16.05%; p = 0.07) and Enterobacter (SGA 5.09% vs. AGA 27.25%; p = 0.011) than the AGA group. Beta diversity demonstrated a separation of the bacterial community structure between both groups on day 30 (p = 0.019). The present study revealed that a distinct gut microbiota profile gradually develops in SGA preterm infants with VLBW during the early days of life. The role of changes in gut microbiota structure warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:40:09Z","timestamp":1670215209000},"page":"5158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Small for Gestational Age Infants with Very Low Birth Weight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1295-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Yang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3680-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Shiu","family":"Chiang Chiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jui-Hsing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chyong-Hsin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Hsin-Ju","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.4.650","article-title":"Anthropometric reference data for international use: Recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee","volume":"64","author":"Habicht","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. 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