{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:35:12Z","timestamp":1760232912969,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]],"date-time":"2022-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology","award":["20H00102","JPMJFR200I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H00102","JPMJFR200I"]}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","award":["20H00102","JPMJFR200I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H00102","JPMJFR200I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection remains the primary cause of death in extremely-low-birth-weight infants (ELBWIs). Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (\u03b11AG), an acute-phase protein, has been shown to be elevated in sporadic cases of septic ELBWIs prior to abnormal clinical signs. To delineate the roles of inflammation, delivery, and feeding in postnatal \u03b11AG changes in ELBWIs, 75 ELBWIs of 26.5 \u00b1 2.2 weeks of gestation born between May 2011 and August 2017 were retrospectively studied. The dependence of \u03b11AG levels obtained on days 0\u20135 on the clinical variables was examined by incorporating interactions with age, followed by estimations of regression coefficients between clinical variables and \u03b11AG levels at the early and late postnatal ages, defined by their standard deviation. Chorioamnionitis (p &lt; 0.001), funisitis (p = 0.045), vaginal delivery (p = 0.025), enteral feeding (p = 0.022), and probiotics (p = 0.005) were associated with early \u03b11AG elevations. Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (p &lt; 0.001) and gestational age (p = 0.001) were associated with late \u03b11AG elevation; premature rupture of membranes (p &lt; 0.001), funisitis (p = 0.021), body weight z-scores (p &lt; 0.001), and enteral feeding (p = 0.045) were associated with late \u03b11AG reduction. Postnatal \u03b11AG changes in ELBWIs were associated with variables representative of age, growth, delivery, inflammation, and enteral feeding, potentially reflecting the process of sensitization to extrinsic microbes in utero, at birth, and thereafter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1670218292000},"page":"5162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Influence of Intrauterine Inflammation, Delivery, and Postnatal Feeding on the Temporal Changes of Serum Alpha 1 Acid Glycoprotein Levels in Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yasuhisa","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Yoshikane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koya","family":"Kawase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takenori","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruo","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, 1-1-1, Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8508, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6911-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osuke","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: An updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 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