{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:03:36Z","timestamp":1788570216839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nutrients are widely used for treating illnesses in traditional medicine. Ginger has long been used in folk medicine to treat motion sickness and other minor health disorders. Chronic non-healing wounds might elicit an inflammation response and cancerous mutation. Few clinical studies have investigated 6-gingerol\u2019s wound-healing activity due to its poor pharmacokinetic properties. However, nanotechnology can deliver 6-gingerol while possibly enhancing these properties. Our study aimed to develop a nanophytosome system loaded with 6-gingerol molecules to investigate the delivery system\u2019s influence on wound healing and anti-cancer activities. Methods: We adopted the thin-film hydration method to synthesize nanophytosomes. We used lipids in a ratio of 70:25:5 for DOPC(dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine): cholesterol: DSPE\/PEG2000, respectively. We loaded the 6-gingerol molecules in a concentration of 1.67 mg\/mL and achieved size reduction via the extrusion technique. We determined cytotoxicity using lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We performed gene expression of inflammation markers and cytokines according to international protocols. Results: The synthesized nanophytosome particle sizes were 150.16 \u00b1 1.65, the total charge was \u221213.36 \u00b1 1.266, and the polydispersity index was 0.060 \u00b1 0.050. Transmission electron microscopy determined the synthesized particles\u2019 spherical shape and uniform size. The encapsulation efficiency was 34.54% \u00b1 0.035. Our biological tests showed that 6-gingerol nanophytosomes displayed selective antiproliferative activity, considerable downregulation of inflammatory markers and cytokines, and an enhanced wound-healing process. Conclusions: Our results confirm the anti-cancer activity of PEGylated nanophytosome 6-gingerol, with superior activity exhibited in accelerating wound healing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1670218292000},"page":"5170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Preparation, Characterization, Wound Healing, and Cytotoxicity Assay of PEGylated Nanophytosomes Loaded with 6-Gingerol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0093-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Samydai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Department Pharmacological, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moath Al","family":"Qaraleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Department Pharmacological, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2946-7328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walhan","family":"Alshaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia K.","family":"Al-Halaseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reem","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Department Pharmacological, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Department Pharmacological, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-2754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aseel","family":"Abu-Rumman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Department Pharmacological, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayat","family":"Al-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Al-Salt 19328, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0985-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad A. S.","family":"Al-Dujaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Classification of Wounds and their Management","volume":"20","author":"Percival","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2017.02.021","article-title":"Chemical, Electrical, and Radiation Injuries","volume":"44","author":"Friedstat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. 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