{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:12:33Z","timestamp":1770898353282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia","award":["(QU-IF-4-2-1-28857)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(QU-IF-4-2-1-28857)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is claimed to be associated with the development of preeclampsia, yet the reports are inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between RBP4 levels and preeclampsia. The PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases were searched for studies that investigated RBP4 levels in preeclampsia patients and compared them with normal controls. The meta-analysis was conducted by calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) of RBP4 between cases and controls. The meta package with the R software was used to perform all statistical analysis. A total of 13 studies, comprising 569 cases and 1411 controls, met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in the meta-analysis. According to the random effect model, the SMD of RBP4 was significantly higher in women with preeclampsia compared with normal controls [SMD of RBP4: 0.55 ng\/mL; 95% CI (0.06; 1.05); p = 0.028; I2 = 89%]. Likewise, the stratified meta-analysis showed the same pattern in the studies which measured RBP4 levels in the third trimester, as well as in the studies that investigated severe preeclampsia. Meta-regression did not identify any factor that significantly affected the overall estimate. There was no evidence of reporting bias (Egger\u2019s test; t = 0.43; p = 0.587). This meta-analysis with high heterogeneity showed that higher levels of RBP4 were associated with preeclampsia risk. More longitudinal studies spanning the three trimester periods are needed to clarify the association of RBP4 and its dynamics in preeclampsia cases throughout pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T03:27:57Z","timestamp":1670383677000},"page":"5201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Levels and Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdan Z.","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum P.O. Box 12702, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tasneem","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum P.O. Box 407, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5031-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishag","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005","article-title":"Global and Regional Estimates of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: A Systematic Review","volume":"170","author":"Abalos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. 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