{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:36:42Z","timestamp":1760233002245,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"translational research infrastructure in the Colorado State University department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences","award":["1S10OD010366-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD010366-01A1"]}]},{"name":"CSU Vice President for the Research Office to Elizabeth P. Ryan","award":["1S10OD010366-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD010366-01A1"]}]},{"name":"UCHealth North Foundation Funds to Julie Dunn","award":["1S10OD010366-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD010366-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common in the United States and leads to altered immune function, including T cell and macrophage activity that may impact responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study investigated 131 adults with a history of a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR and 18 adults with no COVID-19 diagnosis that were recruited from the community or hospital into the Northern Colorado Coronavirus Biorepository (NoCo-COBIO). Participants consented to enrollment for a period of 6 months and provided biospecimens at multiple visits for longitudinal analysis. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were quantified by LC-MS\/MS at the initial visit (n = 149) and after 4 months (n = 89). Adults were classified as deficient (&lt;30 nM or &lt;12 ng\/mL), insufficient (&lt;30\u201350 nM or 12\u201320 ng\/mL), or optimal (50\u201375 nM or &gt;20 ng\/mL) for 25-hydroxyvitamin D status. Fisher\u2019s exact test demonstrated an association between disease severity, gender, and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. Mixed model analyses with Tukey-Kramer were used for longitudinal analysis according to BMI. Sixty-nine percent (n = 103) of the entire cohort had optimal levels of total 25(OH)D, 22% (n = 32) had insufficient levels, and 9% (n = 14) had deficent levels. Participants with severe disease (n = 37) had significantly lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (total 25(OH)D) when compared to adults with mild disease (p = 0.006) or no COVID-19 diagnosis (p = 0.007). There was 44% of the cohort with post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) as defined by experiencing at least one of the following symptoms after 60 days\u2019 post-infection: fatigue, dyspnea, joint pain, chest pain, forgetfulness or absent-mindedness, confusion, or difficulty breathing. While significant differences were detected in 25-hydroxyvitamin D status by sex and BMI, there were no correlations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D for those without and without PASC. This longitudinal study of COVID-19 survivors demonstrates an important association between sex, BMI, and disease severity for 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency during acute stages of infection, yet it is not clear whether supplementation efforts would influence long term outcomes such as developing PASC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:00:37Z","timestamp":1670385637000},"page":"5204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D\/D3 Deficiency and COVID-19 Disease Severity in Adults from Northern Colorado"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bridget A.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela G.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"LaVergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Stromberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailey","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Natter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2414-2025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikiah","family":"Nudell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of the Rockies, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, CO 80538, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"McFann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of the Rockies, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, CO 80538, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center of the Rockies, University of Colorado Health, Loveland, CO 80538, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4547-3787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0425-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nichole","family":"Reisdorph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Radiological Health Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. 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