{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:36:33Z","timestamp":1791531393545,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Brain Foundation","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet Funds","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"NIMH","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Distinguished Investigator Grant","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"Wenner-Gren Foundation","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["R01MH120170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH120170"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["R01MH124871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH124871"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["R01MH119084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119084"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["R01MH118278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118278"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["#2018-02653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2018-02653"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["538-2013-8864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538-2013-8864"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["R276-2018-4581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R276-2018-4581"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["#SSv2019-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SSv2019-0008"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research","award":["#KF10-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#KF10-0039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) is one of the most lethal psychiatric disorders. To date, we lack adequate knowledge about the (neuro)biological mechanisms of this disorder to inform evidence-based pharmacological treatment. Gut dysbiosis is a trending topic in mental health, including AN. Communication between the gut microbiota and the brain is partly mediated by metabolites produced by the gut microbiota such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Previous research has suggested a role of SCFA in weight regulation (e.g., correlations between specific SCFA-producing bacteria and BMI have been demonstrated). Moreover, fecal SCFA concentrations are reported to be altered in active AN. However, data concerning SCFA concentrations in individuals who have recovered from AN are limited. In the present study, we analyzed and compared the plasma concentrations of seven SCFA (acetic-, butyric-, formic-, isobutyric-, isovaleric-, propionic-, and succinic acid) in females with active AN (n = 109), recovered from AN (AN-REC, n = 108), and healthy-weight age-matched controls (CTRL, n = 110), and explored correlations between SCFA concentrations and BMI. Significantly lower plasma concentrations of butyric, isobutyric-, and isovaleric acid were detected in AN as well as AN-REC compared with CTRL. We also show significant correlations between plasma concentrations of SCFA and BMI. These results encourage studies evaluating whether interventions directed toward altering gut microbiota and SCFA could support weight restoration in AN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:59:46Z","timestamp":1670558386000},"page":"5247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Plasma Concentrations of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Active and Recovered Anorexia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4019-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikard","family":"Landberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Lavebratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7772-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Bulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Land\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7676-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida A. K.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Eating Disorders Innovation, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000739","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"34","author":"Hoek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.054742","article-title":"Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa","volume":"194","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000453","article-title":"Relapse in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Berends","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000228759.95237.78","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders","volume":"19","author":"Hoek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2553","article-title":"The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders\u2019 Nine Truths About Eating Disorders","volume":"25","author":"Schaumberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. J. Eat. Disord. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Association, A.P. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.305","article-title":"Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa","volume":"63","author":"Bulik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0439-2","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa","volume":"51","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgo, F., Riva, A., Benetti, A., Casiraghi, M.C., Bertelli, S., Garbossa, S., Anselmetti, S., Scarone, S., Pontiroli, A.E., and Morace, G. (2017). Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: The triangle between bacterial species, metabolites and psychological tests. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179739"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, C., Tsuji, H., Hata, T., Gondo, M., Takakura, S., Kawai, K., Yoshihara, K., Ogata, K., Nomoto, K., and Miyazaki, K. (2015). Gut Dysbiosis in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145274"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000247","article-title":"The Intestinal Microbiota in Acute Anorexia Nervosa and During Renourishment: Relationship to Depression, Anxiety, and Eating Disorder Psychopathology","volume":"77","author":"Kleiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.10.004","article-title":"Altered host-gut microbes symbiosis in severely malnourished anorexia nervosa (AN) patients undergoing enteral nutrition: An explicative factor of functional intestinal disorders?","volume":"38","author":"Hanachi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22801","article-title":"Gut microbiota and body composition in anorexia nervosa inpatients in comparison to athletes, overweight, obese, and normal weight controls","volume":"50","author":"Morkl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26752","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26752","article-title":"Weight gain in anorexia nervosa does not ameliorate the faecal microbiota, branched chain fatty acid profiles, and gastrointestinal complaints","volume":"6","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00408","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome Derived from Anorexia Nervosa Patients Impairs Weight Gain and Behavioral Performance in Female Mice","volume":"160","author":"Hata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000495044","article-title":"Weight Gain after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Patient with Recurrent Underweight following Clinical Recovery from Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"88","author":"Frissen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31353-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediates the anti-obesity effect of calorie restriction in mice","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.80","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition may relate to weight loss rate in obese pet dogs","volume":"3","author":"Kieler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.01.029","article-title":"The Baseline Gut Microbiota Directs Dieting-Induced Weight Loss Trajectories","volume":"160","author":"Jie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1902771","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota and metabolites in patients with anorexia nervosa","volume":"13","author":"Prochazkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611677","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.611677","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Anorexia Nervosa: Friend or Foe?","volume":"11","author":"Ghenciulescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110114","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa and gut microbiota: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis of pooled microbiological data","volume":"106","author":"Mondot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuqwider, J.N., Mauriello, G., and Altamimi, M. (2021). Akkermansia muciniphila, a New Generation of Beneficial Microbiota in Modulating Obesity: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051098"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.09.015","article-title":"The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative (ANGI): Overview and methods","volume":"74","author":"Thornton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Association, A.P. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-4, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0932-9","article-title":"An Overview of Conceptualizations of Eating Disorder Recovery, Recent Findings, and Future Directions","volume":"20","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.11.015","article-title":"An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"854","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14778","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33100-y","article-title":"Caloric restriction promotes functional changes involving short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in the rat gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Tanca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy125","article-title":"Effects of Weight-Loss Interventions on Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Blood and Feces of Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Sowah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16643","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16643","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila inversely correlates with the onset of inflammation, altered adipose tissue metabolism and metabolic disorders during obesity in mice","volume":"5","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e848","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013225","article-title":"Association of Fecal and Plasma Levels of Short-Chain Fatty Acids with Gut Microbiota and Clinical Severity in Patients with Parkinson Disease","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63475-w","article-title":"Gut metagenomic and short chain fatty acids signature in hypertension: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Gosalbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.167","article-title":"Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects","volume":"18","author":"Schwiertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.46","article-title":"Evidence for greater production of colonic short-chain fatty acids in overweight than lean humans","volume":"38","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seitz, J., Dahmen, B., Keller, L., and Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2020). Gut Feelings: How Microbiota Might Impact the Development and Course of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113295"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.11.006","article-title":"Alteration of intestinal barrier function during activity-based anorexia in mice","volume":"33","author":"Jesus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.10.021","article-title":"Dysfunctions of leptin, ghrelin, BDNF and endocannabinoids in eating disorders: Beyond the homeostatic control of food intake","volume":"38","author":"Monteleone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.008","article-title":"Transient Osmotic Perturbation Causes Long-Term Alteration to the Gut Microbiota","volume":"173","author":"Tropini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.84","article-title":"The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis","volume":"39","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H.V., Frassetto, A., Kowalik, E.J., Nawrocki, A.R., Lu, M.M., Kosinski, J.R., Hubert, J.A., Szeto, D., Yao, X., and Forrest, G. (2012). Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035240"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4611","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Frost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.6","article-title":"Fermentable carbohydrate alters hypothalamic neuronal activity and protects against the obesogenic environment","volume":"20","author":"Anastasovska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So, P.W., Yu, W.S., Kuo, Y.T., Wasserfall, C., Goldstone, A.P., Bell, J.D., and Frost, G. (2007). Impact of resistant starch on body fat patterning and central appetite regulation. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001309"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307913","article-title":"Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults","volume":"64","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37589","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37589","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids Prevent High-fat-diet-induced Obesity in Mice by Regulating G Protein-coupled Receptors and Gut Microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12645","article-title":"Communicating systems in the body: How microbiota and microglia cooperate","volume":"150","author":"Erny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2174\/1568006043481284","article-title":"Microglia: Neuroprotective and neurotrophic cells in the central nervous system","volume":"4","author":"Nakajima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21599","article-title":"Aberrant agouti-related protein system in the hypothalamus of the anx\/anx mouse is associated with activation of microglia","volume":"507","author":"Nilsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59660","article-title":"Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans","volume":"122","author":"Thaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1605","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation: Marker or mechanism of obesity pathogenesis?","volume":"62","author":"Thaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109163","article-title":"The gut microbiota regulates hypothalamic inflammation and leptin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Heiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30101-3","article-title":"Brain microglia in psychiatric disorders","volume":"4","author":"Mondelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.018","article-title":"The role of inflammation and microglial activation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders","volume":"300","author":"Reus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00545-5","article-title":"Evidence for activation of microglia in patients with psychiatric illnesses","volume":"271","author":"Bayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0389-6","article-title":"Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00515","article-title":"Diet Can Impact Microbiota Composition in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Berding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338968","article-title":"Prediction and evaluation of the effect of pre-centrifugation sample management on the measurable untargeted LC-MS plasma metabolome","volume":"1182","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iversen, K.N., Dicksved, J., Zoki, C., Fristedt, R., Pelve, E.A., Langton, M., and Landberg, R. (2022). The Effects of High Fiber Rye, Compared to Refined Wheat, on Gut Microbiota Composition, Plasma Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Implications for Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors (the RyeWeight Study). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081669"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, A., Johansson, E., Ekstrom, L., and Bjorck, I. (2013). Effects of a brown beans evening meal on metabolic risk markers and appetite regulating hormones at a subsequent standardized breakfast: A randomized cross-over study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059985"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.05.025","article-title":"Acute and chronic improvement in postprandial glucose metabolism by a diet resembling the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern: Can SCFAs play a role?","volume":"40","author":"Vitale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28016","article-title":"Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz152","article-title":"Formate concentrations in maternal plasma during pregnancy and in cord blood in a cohort of pregnant Canadian women: Relations to genetic polymorphisms and plasma metabolites","volume":"110","author":"Brosnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143217","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2143217","article-title":"Reproducible changes in the anorexia nervosa gut microbiota following inpatient therapy remain distinct from non-eating disorder controls","volume":"14","author":"Fouladi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20865","article-title":"Diet and physical activity in women recovered from anorexia nervosa: A pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Dellava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1580097","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiota composition and functions in patients with chronic alcohol overconsumption","volume":"10","author":"Bjorkhaug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673341","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.673341","article-title":"Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Gut Microbiota: State of Knowledge","volume":"12","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"223","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Alcohol Effects on the Composition of Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Engen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.07.010","article-title":"Reframing anorexia nervosa as a metabo-psychiatric disorder","volume":"32","author":"Bulik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prochazkova, P., Roubalova, R., Dvorak, J., Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H., Cermakova, M., Tomasova, P., Sediva, B., Kuzma, M., Bulant, J., and Bilej, M. (2019). Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Barrier Function in A Patient with Anorexia Nervosa after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090338"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/24\/5247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:04Z","timestamp":1760146624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/24\/5247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14245247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14245247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]}}}