{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:35:32Z","timestamp":1792751732823,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Notwithstanding mass vaccination against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants, there is still a demand for complementary nutritional intervention strategies to fight COVID-19. The bovine milk protein lactoferrin (LF) has attracted interest of nutraceutical, food and dairy industries for its numerous properties\u2014ranging from anti-viral and anti-microbial to immunological\u2014making it a potential functional ingredient in a wide variety of food applications to maintain health. Importantly, bovine LF was found to exert anti-viral activities against several types of viruses, including certain SARS-CoV-2 variants. LF\u2019s potential effect on COVID-19 patients has seen a rapid increase of in vitro and in vivo studies published, resulting in a model on how LF might play a role during different phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Aim of this narrative review is two-fold: (1) to highlight the most relevant findings concerning LF\u2019s anti-viral, anti-microbial, iron-binding, immunomodulatory, microbiota-modulatory and intestinal barrier properties that support health of the two most affected organs in COVID-19 patients (lungs and gut), and (2) to explore the possible underlying mechanisms governing its mode of action. Thanks to its potential effects on health, bovine LF can be considered a good candidate for nutritional interventions counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection and related COVID-19 pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:05:22Z","timestamp":1670817922000},"page":"5274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Can Lactoferrin, a Natural Mammalian Milk Protein, Assist in the Battle against COVID-19?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra Wilhelmina Carla","family":"Einerhand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Einerhand Science & Innovation, 1815 JN Alkmaar, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien Annika","family":"van Loo-Bouwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yili Innovation Center Europe, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela Adrienne","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yili Innovation Center Europe, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Dairy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genna","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qicheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yili Innovation Center Europe, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An Interactive Web-Based Dashboard to Track COVID-19 in Real Time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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