{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:27:21Z","timestamp":1778804841621,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Health","award":["FIS 91\/0435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS 91\/0435"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Health","award":["RCESP C 03\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCESP C 03\/09"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Health","award":["EVES 030\/2005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVES 030\/2005"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Health","award":["CTGCA\/2002\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTGCA\/2002\/06"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Health","award":["G03\/136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G03\/136"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["FIS 91\/0435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS 91\/0435"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["RCESP C 03\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCESP C 03\/09"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["EVES 030\/2005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EVES 030\/2005"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["CTGCA\/2002\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTGCA\/2002\/06"]}]},{"name":"Generalitat Valenciana","award":["G03\/136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G03\/136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the association between three previously defined pro-vegetarian (PVG) food patterns and the cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and pancreas in a multi case\u2013control study. We analyzed data from a multi-case hospital-based study carried out in two Mediterranean provinces in Spain. A total of 1233 participants were included in the analyses: 778 incident cancer cases, histologically confirmed (199 oesophagus, 414 stomach, and 165 pancreas) and 455 controls. A dietary assessment was performed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three PVG food patterns (general, healthful, and unhealthful) were estimated using 12 food groups for the general PVG (gPVG), scoring positive plant-based foods and negative animal-based foods, and 18 food groups, for the healthful (hPVG) and unhealthful (uPVG) food patterns. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate relative risk ratios (RRR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) for quintiles of adherence to PVG patterns and as a continuous variable. The RRR (95% CI) for the highest vs. the lowest quintile of gPVG were, RRR = 0.37 (0.32, 0.42) for the oesophagus, RRR = 0.34 (0.27, 0.43) for the stomach, and RRR = 0.43 (0.35, 0.52) for pancreas cancer. For the hPVG, the RRR were RRR = 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) for the oesophagus, RRR = 0.42 (0.34, 0.52) for the stomach, and RRR = 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) for pancreas cancer. The uPVG was associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer RRR = 1.76 (1.42, 2.18). Higher adherence to gPVG and hPVG food patterns is associated with a lower risk of oesophageal, stomach, and pancreas cancers, while a higher adherence to a uPVG food pattern is associated with a higher risk of stomach cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:34:20Z","timestamp":1670819660000},"page":"5288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adherence to Pro-Vegetarian Food Patterns and Risk of Oesophagus, Stomach, and Pancreas Cancers: A Multi Case\u2013Control Study (The PANESOES Study)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4652-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Oncina-C\u00e1novas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3358-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leyre","family":"Notario-Barandiaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2842-1344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Torres-Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Signes-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"de-Madaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Santiba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n de Salud Global, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5742-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Garc\u00eda-de la Hera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vioque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (ISABIAL-UMH), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecolog\u00eda, Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez (UMH), 03550 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Oncolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica (SEOM) (2022, October 27). Las Cifras del C\u00e1ncer en Espa\u00f1a 2022. ISBN 978-84-09-38029-9."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.M., Corey, C.G., Rostron, B.L., and Apelberg, B.J. (2015). Systematic review of cigar smoking and all cause and smoking related mortality. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1617-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2120382","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.20382","article-title":"Association of the Frequency and Quantity of Alcohol Consumption with Gastrointestinal Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Yoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70173-6","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Boffetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812394","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.812394","article-title":"Vitamin C Intake and Cancers: An Umbrella Review","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32046","article-title":"Citrus fruit intake and gastric cancer: The stomach cancer pooling (StoP) project consortium","volume":"144","author":"Bertuccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20150023","article-title":"Salty Food Preference and Intake and Risk of Gastric Cancer: The JACC Study","volume":"26","author":"Umesawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-022-01565-y","article-title":"Salt intake and gastric cancer: A pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) Project","volume":"33","author":"Morais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30239-X","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages","volume":"17","author":"Loomis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31198","article-title":"Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer","volume":"142","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00741-9","article-title":"Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"36","author":"Farvid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32707","article-title":"Meat intake and risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) project","volume":"147","author":"Ferro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, K.S., Tang, L., Sun, G., Wang, S., Hu, X., and Wang, J.S. (2019). Mycotoxin exposure is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Huaian area, China. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6439-x"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02346-6","article-title":"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on adherence to mediterranean diet and risk of cancer","volume":"60","author":"Morze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets","volume":"116","author":"Melina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071431","article-title":"PREDIMED Group. A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevenci\u00f3n con Dieta Mediterr\u00e1nea (PREDIMED) study","volume":"100","author":"Corella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Rimm, E.B., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S.E., Borgi, L., Willett, W.C., Manson, J.E., Sun, Q., and Hu, F.B. (2016). Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002039"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.10.013","article-title":"Plant-based diet quality and the risk of total and disease-specific mortality: A population-based prospective study","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02660-7","article-title":"A prospective study of healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-21-0352","article-title":"Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Breast Cancer in U.S. Women: Results from the Nurses\u2019 Health Studies","volume":"30","author":"Willett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab365","article-title":"Association of plant-based diet index with prostate cancer risk","volume":"115","author":"Loeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa127","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Pro-vegetarian dietary pattern in relation to the risk of basal cell carcinoma: A nested case-control study within the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort","volume":"112","author":"Leone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vioque, J., Barber, X., Bolumar, F., Porta, M., Santib\u00e1\u00f1ez, M., de la Hera, M.G., Moreno-Osset, E., and PANESOES Study Group (2008). Esophageal cancer risk by type of alcohol drinking and smoking: A case-control study in Spain. BMC Cancer, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-221"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.037929","article-title":"Occupational exposures and risk of oesophageal cancer by histological type: A case-control study in eastern Spain","volume":"65","author":"Vioque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9490-0","article-title":"Occupational exposures and risk of pancreatic cancer","volume":"25","author":"Vioque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100071","article-title":"Occupational exposures and risk of stomach cancer by histological type","volume":"69","author":"Alguacil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"122","author":"Willett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Serra Majem, L., and Aranceta Bartrina, J. (2006). Validez de la evaluaci\u00f3n de la ingesta diet\u00e9tica. Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica M\u00e9todos, Bases Cient\u00edficas y Aplicaciones, Masson-Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","article-title":"Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies","volume":"65","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041014","article-title":"Changes in Plant-Based Diet Quality and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality","volume":"140","author":"Baden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31593","article-title":"Association between a pro plant-based dietary score and cancer risk in the prospective NutriNet-sant\u00e9 cohort","volume":"143","author":"Srour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892153","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.892153","article-title":"The Relationship between Plant-Based Diet and Risk of Digestive System Cancers: A Meta-Analysis Based on 3,059,009 Subjects","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa161","article-title":"Whole grain and dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort","volume":"112","author":"Hullings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1067596","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake reduces risk for Barrett\u2019s esophagus and esophageal cancer","volume":"57","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33450","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and risk of gastric cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study","volume":"148","author":"Katagiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2022, October 24). Ingested Nitrate and Nitrite, and Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans\/Ingested-Nitrate-And-Nitrite-And-Cyanobacterial-Peptide-Toxins-2010."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10834","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and pancreatic cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nucci, D., Santangelo, O.E., Provenzano, S., Fatigoni, C., Nardi, M., Ferrara, P., and Gianfredi, V. (2021). Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111556"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-20-2359","article-title":"Functions of polyphenols and its anticancer properties in biomedical research: A narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Bhosale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponte, L.G.S., Pavan, I.C.B., Mancini, M.C.S., da Silva, L.G.S., Morelli, A.P., Severino, M.B., Bezerra, R.M.N., and Simabuco, F.M. (2021). The Hallmarks of Flavonoids in Cancer. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072029"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24421","article-title":"Flavonoid consumption and esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States","volume":"125","author":"Bobe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagundes, M.d.A., Silva, A.R.C., Fernandes, G.A., and Curado, M.P. (2022). Dietary Polyphenol Intake and Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235878"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30190","article-title":"Flavonoid and lignan intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort","volume":"139","author":"Wark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01994-7","article-title":"Association of dietary intake of milk and dairy products with blood concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in Bavarian adults","volume":"59","author":"Konigorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.06.007","article-title":"The proliferating role of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k322","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k322","article-title":"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: Results from NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 prospective cohort","volume":"360","author":"Fiolet","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake","volume":"30","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1606602","article-title":"Body Fatness and Cancer\u2014Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group","volume":"375","author":"Scoccianti","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa061","article-title":"Dietary trans-fatty acid intake in relation to cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Michels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matta, M., Huybrechts, I., Biessy, C., Casagrande, C., Yammine, S., Fournier, A., Olsen, K.S., Lukic, M., Gram, I.T., and Ardanaz, E. (2021). Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries. BMC Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01952-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7492","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7492","article-title":"Dietary sugars and body weight: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies","volume":"346","author":"Mallard","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/24\/5288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:39:40Z","timestamp":1760146780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/24\/5288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14245288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14245288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]}}}