{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:10:50Z","timestamp":1780549850910,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS, Republic of Korea)","award":["S3164953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3164953"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress-induced neuroinflammation is widely regarded as one of the primary causes of depression. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched foods relieve stress and reduce inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to evaluate whether rice germ with 30% GABA (RG) reduced neuroinflammation in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS mice were administered 40, 90, and 140 mg\/kg of RG. CUMS increased serum and hypothalamic pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6) levels, which were decreased by RG. In the hypothalamus, CUMS elevated M1-type microglia markers of CD86 and NF-\u03baB, whereas RG lowered these levels. The expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome complex (NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, and caspase-1), IL-1\u03b2, and IL-18 were increased in the hypothalamus of CUMS mice and decreased by RG. RG attenuated depressive-like behaviors in CUMS mice, as measured by the forced swim test and tail suspension test. In conclusion, RG decreased hypothalamic inflammation-related signals, such as TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, M1 polarization, NF-\u03baB, NLRP3 inflammasome complex, caspase-1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-18, to diminish depressive-like behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T07:59:21Z","timestamp":1671436761000},"page":"5382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rice Germ Ameliorated Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive-like Behavior by Reducing Neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sosorburam","family":"Batsukh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyeon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4250-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoungmin","family":"Rheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Smart Marine BioCenter, Gijang-gun, Busan 46048, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bae-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Smart Marine BioCenter, Gijang-gun, Busan 46048, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuk Hui","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyunghee","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.01.004","article-title":"The antigen expressway: Follicular conduits carry antigen to B cells","volume":"30","author":"Harwood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.04.016","article-title":"Orexin 1 receptors are a novel target to modulate panic responses and the panic brain network","volume":"107","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. 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