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Vitamins A, D and E and beta-carotene may have a protective function for cognitive health, due to their antioxidant capacities. Methods. We analyzed data from 1334 non-demented participants (mean age 84 years) from the AgeCoDe study, a prospective multicenter-cohort of elderly general-practitioner patients in Germany, of whom n = 250 developed all-cause dementia and n = 209 developed Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) during 7 years of follow-up. We examined whether concentrations of vitamins A (retinol), D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) and E (alpha-tocopherol) and beta-carotene, would be associated with incident (AD) dementia. Results. In our sample, 33.7% had optimum vitamin D concentrations (\u226550 nmol\/L). Higher concentrations of vitamin D were associated with lower incidence of all-cause dementia and AD (HR 0.99 (95%CI 0.98; 0.99); HR0.99 (95%CI 0.98; 0.99), respectively). In particular, subjects with vitamin D deficiency (25.3%, &lt;25 nmol\/L) were at increased risk for all-cause dementia and AD (HR1.91 (95%CI 1.30; 2.81); HR2.28 (95%CI 1.47; 3.53), respectively). Vitamins A and E and beta-carotene were unrelated to (AD) dementia. Conclusions. Vitamin D deficiency increased the risk to develop (AD) dementia. Our study supports the advice for monitoring vitamin D status in the elderly and vitamin D supplementation in those with vitamin D deficiency. We observed no relationships between the other vitamins with incident (AD) dementia, which is in line with previous observational studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T03:26:25Z","timestamp":1671765985000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Low Serum Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Incident Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia in the Oldest Old"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debora","family":"Melo van Lent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer\u2019s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Egert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Wolfsgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Kleineidam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Weinhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Wagner-Thelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Stoffel-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgitt","family":"Wiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WG Medical Statistics and IT-Infrastructure, Institute of General Practice, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Weyerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pentzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40227 Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffi G.","family":"Riedel-Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, 01403 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69113-7","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"368","author":"Blennow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1237","article-title":"Conceptual evolution in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Implications for understanding the clinical phenotype of progressive 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