{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1790654512557,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Mediterranean diet is considered one of the healthiest dietary patterns worldwide, thanks to a combination of foods rich mainly in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients. Many studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between the Mediterranean diet and some chronic gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this narrative review was to analyse the role of the Mediterranean diet in several gastrointestinal diseases, so as to give a useful overview on its effectiveness in the prevention and management of these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T07:30:06Z","timestamp":1672126206000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Mediterranean Diet in Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Cenni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Sesenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Boiardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Casertano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Clinic, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Strisciuglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9139","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7115459","article-title":"Definition of the Mediterranean Diet: A Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrient"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trichopoulou, A., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Tong, T.Y., Forouhi, N.G., Khandelwal, S., Prabhakaran, D., Mozaffarian, D., and de Lorgeril, M. (2014). Definitions and potential health benefits of the Mediterranean diet: Views from experts around the world. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-112"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"60","article-title":"The role of diet in the prevention and treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"89","author":"Reddavide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Bio Med. Atenei Parm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011002515","article-title":"Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates","volume":"14","author":"Berry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01972-z","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Papada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1077790","article-title":"A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: Does the ratio really matter?","volume":"66","author":"Marventano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3181\/0711-MR-311","article-title":"The Importance of the Omega-6\/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases","volume":"233","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315866","article-title":"Evolving role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"67","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319505","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of later-onset Crohn\u2019s disease: Results from two large prospective cohort studies","volume":"69","author":"Khalili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.02.047","article-title":"Healthy Lifestyle Is Associated with Reduced Mortality in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"19","author":"Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nagal, A. (2011). The Value of the Cytokinome Profile. Inflammatory Diseases\u2014A Modern Perspective [Internet], IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/25194."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32832182ee","article-title":"Saturated with fat: New perspectives on lipotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Garbarino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Saltiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29673","article-title":"Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Sofi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2147\/ciia.2007.2.1.109","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and prevention of coronary heart disease in the elderly","volume":"2","author":"Dontas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","article-title":"Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.06.021","article-title":"Are the dietary habits of treated individuals with celiac disease adherent to a Mediterranean diet?","volume":"28","author":"Morreale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.243","article-title":"Effects of Mediterranean-style diet on glycemic control, weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes individuals: A meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Huo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrdoljak, J., Vilovi\u0107, M., \u017divkovi\u0107, P., Hadjina, I.T., Ru\u0161i\u0107, D., Buki\u0107, J., Borovac, J., and Bo\u017ei\u0107, J. (2020). Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Dietary Attitudes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113429"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.282","article-title":"Twenty-first Century Trends in the Global Epidemiology of Pediatric-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review","volume":"162","author":"Kuenzig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldi\u0219, A., Lupu\u0219oru, R., Gheorghe, L., Gheorghe, C., Trifan, A., Dobru, D., Cijevschi, C., Tan\u021b\u0103u, A., Constantinescu, G., and Iacob, R. (2019). Geographic Distribution, Phenotype and Epidemiological Tendency in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Romania. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100704"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.44","article-title":"Dietary Intake and Risk of Developing Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"106","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1159\/000358143","article-title":"Dietary Clues to the Pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.01.004","article-title":"Hypothesis: Increased consumption of emulsifiers as an explanation for the rising incidence of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01411.x","article-title":"Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for crohn\u2019s disease in children","volume":"102","author":"Amre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"687","article-title":"Nutrition in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Position Paper on Behalf of the Porto Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","volume":"66","author":"Miele","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20968","article-title":"Role of diet in the development of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303661","article-title":"Geographical variability and environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"62","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.169078","article-title":"Linoleic acid, a dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: A nested case-control study within a European prospective cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Tjonneland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200502000-00009","article-title":"Dietary Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease A Multicenter Case-Control Study in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000638","article-title":"Carbonnel, F., Chan S., Hart; et al. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Europe: Results from the EPIC Study","volume":"22","author":"Racine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.05.047","article-title":"A Randomized Trial Comparing the Specific Carbohydrate Diet to a Mediterranean Diet in Adults with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"161","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sureda, A., Del Mar Bibiloni, M., Julibert, A., Bouzas, C., Argelich, E., Llompart, I., Pons, A., and Tur, J.A. (2018). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Inflammatory Markers. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010062"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-7-24","article-title":"Transcriptomics to study the effect of a Mediterranean-inspired diet on inflammation in Crohn\u2019s disease patients","volume":"7","author":"Marlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Illescas, O., Rodr\u00edguez-Sosa, M., and Gariboldi, M. (2021). Mediterranean Diet to Prevent the Development of Colon Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Gut Microbiota Studies. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072234"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa097","article-title":"Multidimensional Impact of Mediterranean Diet on IBD Patients","volume":"27","author":"Chicco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02158-3","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with decreased fecal calprotectin in patients with ulcerative colitis after pouch surgery","volume":"59","author":"Godny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruano, C., Henriquez, P., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Ruiz-Canela, M., and Villegas, A.S. (2013). Empirically Derived Dietary Patterns and Health-Related Quality of Life in the SUN Project. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061490"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, L., Almutairdi, A., Shommu, N., Fedorak, R., Ghosh, S., Reimer, R.A., Panaccione, R., and Raman, M. (2018). Cross-Sectional Analysis of Overall Dietary Intake and Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0423.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20333","article-title":"Dietary patterns and risk for Crohn\u2019s disease in children","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"569","article-title":"Impact of Environmental and Familial Factors in a Cohort of Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"64","author":"Strisciuglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S349502","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Improved Clinical Scores and Inflammatory Markers in Children with Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Randomized Trial","volume":"15","author":"Elashry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strisciuglio, C., Cenni, S., Serra, M.R., Dolce, P., Martinelli, M., Staiano, A., and Miele, E. (2020). Effectiveness of Mediterranean Diet\u2019s Adherence in children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103206"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.07.001","article-title":"Update on Dietary Management of Childhood Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders","volume":"47","author":"Chumpitazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32115-2","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders: Advances in understanding and management","volume":"396","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2022.2055547","article-title":"Dietary interventions for functional abdominal pain disorders in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rexwinkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000536","article-title":"A nutritional approach for managing irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Bhesania","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v7.i4.564","article-title":"Good adherence to mediterranean diet can prevent gastrointestinal symptoms: A survey from Southern Italy","volume":"7","author":"Zito","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2017.07.009","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"44","author":"Defrees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim. Care Clin. Off. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2017.057","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome\u2014From etiopathogenesis to therapy","volume":"162","author":"Grgov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001767","article-title":"The Role of Food in the Treatment of Bowel Disorders: Focus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Constipation","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306426","article-title":"Practical management of functional abdominal pain in children","volume":"101","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.10.28","article-title":"Management of functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Chiou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.043","article-title":"Pediatric Patients with Dyspepsia Have Chronic Symptoms, Anxiety, and Lower Quality of Life as Adolescents and Adults","volume":"142","author":"Rippel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(00)00729-2","article-title":"The combination of medical treatment plus multicomponent behavioral therapy is superior to medical treatment alone in the therapy of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Arnold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1771","article-title":"Does a Minority of Children with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Receive Formal Diet Advice?","volume":"44","author":"Minard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"3505","article-title":"Efficacy of a low-FODMAP diet in adult irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Greyling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huertas-Ceballos, A.A., Logan, S., Bennett, C., and MacArthur, C. (2009). Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003019.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003019.pub3"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829ae5c5","article-title":"Diet and Functional Abdominal Pain in Children and Adolescents","volume":"57","author":"Felix","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00023","article-title":"The Role of Diet in Functional Dyspepsia Management","volume":"11","author":"Duboc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v11.i4.330","article-title":"Effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet in children and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Maher","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasti, A., Petsis, K., Lambrinou, S., Katsas, K., Nikolaki, M., Papanikolaou, I.S., Hatziagelaki, E., and Triantafyllou, K. (2022). A Combination of Mediterranean and Low-FODMAP Diets for Managing IBS Symptoms? Ask Your Gut!. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040751"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmaliklis, I.-N., Liveri, A., Ntelis, B., Paraskeva, K., Goulis, I., and Koutelidakis, A.E. (2019). Increased Functional Foods\u2019 Consumption and Mediterranean Diet Adherence May Have a Protective Effect in the Appearance of Gastrointestinal Diseases: A Case\u2013Control Study. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6020050"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203500","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality: Analysis of Health Survey for England data","volume":"68","author":"Oyebode","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.04.005","article-title":"Kiwifruit-derived supplements increase stool frequency in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"35","author":"Ansell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00230.x","article-title":"Recurrent abdominal pain in school children: Effect of obesity and diet","volume":"96","author":"Malaty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agakidis, C., Kotzakioulafi, E., Petridis, D., Apostolidou, K., and Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi, T. (2019). Mediterranean Diet Adherence is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061283"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140140050025","article-title":"The Use of Dietary Fiber in the Management of Simple, Childhood, Idiopathic, Recurrent, Abdominal Pain Results in a Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"139","author":"Feldman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i20.3062","article-title":"Glucomannan for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children: A randomized trial","volume":"19","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000829","article-title":"What to eat and drink in the festive season: A pan-European, observational, cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.76","article-title":"Dietary Lipids and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"108","author":"Azpiroz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paduano, D., Cingolani, A., Tanda, E., and Usai, P. (2019). Effect of Three Diets (Low-FODMAP, Gluten-free and Balanced) on Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071566"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altomare, A., Del Chierico, F., Rocchi, G., Emerenziani, S., Nuglio, C., Putignani, L., Angeletti, S., Presti, A.L., Ciccozzi, M., and Russo, A. (2021). Association between Dietary Habits and Fecal Microbiota Composition in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051479"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strisciuglio, C., Cenni, S., Serra, M.R., Dolce, P., Kolacek, S., Sila, S., Trivic, I., Bar Lev, M.R., Shamir, R., and Kostovski, A. (2022). Diet and Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Mediterranean Countries. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112335"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nestares, T., Mart\u00edn-Masot, R., de Teresa, C., Bonillo, R., Maldonado, J., Flor-Alemany, M., and Aparicio, V. (2021). Influence of Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Physical Activity on Bone Health in Celiac Children on a Gluten-Free Diet. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051636"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12800","article-title":"Influence of nutrition education in paediatric coeliac disease: Impact of the role of the registered dietitian: A prospective, single-arm intervention study","volume":"33","author":"Cabo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114553","article-title":"Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet","volume":"5","author":"Penagini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0","article-title":"European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease","volume":"54","author":"Husby","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.006","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in children with coeliac disease; a double-edged sword of both untreated disease and treatment with gluten-free diet","volume":"40","author":"McGrogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583981","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.583981","article-title":"Mediterranean Gluten-Free Diet: Is It a Fair Bet for the Treatment of Gluten-Related Disorders?","volume":"7","author":"Elli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1685-2","article-title":"Gluten-free-rendered products contribute to imbalanced diets in children and adolescents with celiac disease","volume":"58","author":"Larretxi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lionetti, E., Antonucci, N., Marinelli, M., Bartolomei, B., Franceschini, E., Gatti, S., Catassi, G.N., Verma, A.K., Monachesi, C., and Catassi, C. (2020). Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet of Children with Celiac Disease on a Gluten-Free Diet: A Case-Control Prospective Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010143"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/1\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:52Z","timestamp":1760147392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/1\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15010079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15010079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]}}}