{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:12:07Z","timestamp":1792789927439,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20202BAB205003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB205003"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20212ZDD02007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212ZDD02007"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20171BBF60008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20171BBF60008"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["20202BAB205003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB205003"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["20212ZDD02007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212ZDD02007"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["20171BBF60008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20171BBF60008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013064","name":"Key Research and Development program of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20202BAB205003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20202BAB205003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013064","name":"Key Research and Development program of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20212ZDD02007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212ZDD02007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013064","name":"Key Research and Development program of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20171BBF60008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20171BBF60008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing evidence suggests that metabolites produced by the gut microbiota play a crucial role in host\u2013microbe interactions. Dietary tryptophan ingested by the host enters the gut, where indole-like metabolites such as indole propionic acid (IPA) are produced under deamination by commensal bacteria. Here, we summarize the IPA-producing bacteria, dietary patterns on IPA content, and functional roles of IPA in various diseases. IPA can not only stimulate the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins to enhance gut barrier function and inhibit the penetration of toxic factors, but also modulate the immune system to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects to synergistically regulate body physiology. Moreover, IPA can act on target organs through blood circulation to form the gut\u2013organ axis, which helps maintain systemic homeostasis. IPA shows great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of various clinical diseases, such as NAFLD, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and breast cancer. However, the therapeutic effect of IPA depends on dose, target organ, or time. In future studies, further work should be performed to explore the effects and mechanisms of IPA on host health and disease to further improve the existing treatment program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1672282341000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Extensive Summary of the Important Roles of Indole Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbial Metabolite in Host Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-019-9926-y","article-title":"Homeostasis and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in health and disease","volume":"44","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.29","article-title":"Dietary metabolites and the gut microbiota: An alternative approach to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"5","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0108-7","article-title":"Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127","article-title":"Tryptophan Metabolism: A Link Between the Gut Microbiota and Brain","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.02.005","article-title":"Biosynthetic manipulation of tryptophan in bacteria: Pathways and mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Alkhalaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.08.001","article-title":"Lysosome-Rich Enterocytes Mediate Protein Absorption in the Vertebrate Gut","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203716666150630133657","article-title":"Metabolites of Dietary Protein and Peptides by Intestinal Microbes and their Impacts on Gut","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boudry, G., Le Hu\u00ebrou-Luron, I., and Michel, C. (2016). Dietary Protein and Colonic Microbiota. The Molecular Nutrition of Amino Acids and Proteins, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802167-5.00015-3"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100542","article-title":"Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health","volume":"56","author":"Windey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.SGE_Macfarlane","article-title":"Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health","volume":"95","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1996.tb04331.x","article-title":"Enumeration of human colonic bacteria producing phenolic and indolic compounds: Effects of pH, carbohydrate availability and retention time on dissimilatory aromatic amino acid metabolism","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05470-4","article-title":"Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Roager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201439263","article-title":"The composition of the gut microbiota shapes the colon mucus barrier","volume":"16","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109726","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acids regulate dendritic cells to attenuate autoimmune uveitis through TGR5 signaling","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.019","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting Promotes White Adipose Browning and Decreases Obesity by Shaping the Gut Microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00728-w","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice with C1q\/TNF-related protein 9 genetic deficiency","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283619e63","article-title":"Carbohydrates and the human gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Chassard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2493-3","article-title":"A review of the relationship between the gut microbiota and amino acid metabolism","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G51","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00375.2019","article-title":"Microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid supplementation does not protect mice from the cardiometabolic consequences of a Western diet","volume":"319","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19376","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000047117","article-title":"Microbial tryptophan metabolites regulate gut barrier function via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"117","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324053","article-title":"Host and gut microbial tryptophan metabolism and type 2 diabetes: An integrative analysis of host genetics, diet, gut microbiome and circulating metabolites in cohort studies","volume":"71","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0046-9","article-title":"Associations of serum indolepropionic acid, a gut microbiota metabolite, with type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation in high-risk individuals","volume":"8","author":"Tuomainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.01.011","article-title":"Microbiota-Derived Indole Metabolites Promote Human and Murine Intestinal Homeostasis through Regulation of Interleukin-10 Receptor","volume":"188","author":"Alexeev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.214","article-title":"A systems-level \u201cmisunderstanding\u201d: The plasma metabolome in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Rosas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopelski, P., Konop, M., Gawrys-Kopczynska, M., Podsadni, P., Szczepanska, A., and Ufnal, M. (2019). Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Tryptophan-Derived Bacterial Metabolite, Reduces Weight Gain in Rats. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030591"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.08.022","article-title":"Urinary intermediates of tryptophan as indicators of the gut microbial metabolism","volume":"987","author":"Pavlova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic acid inhibits gut dysbiosis and endotoxin leakage to attenuate steatohepatitis in rats","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1ri, Z., Mik\u00f3, E., Kov\u00e1cs, T., Jank\u00f3, L., Csonka, T., Lente, G., Seb\u0151, \u00c9., T\u00f3th, J., T\u00f3th, D., and \u00c1rkosy, P. (2020). Indolepropionic Acid, a Metabolite of the Microbiome, Has Cytostatic Properties in Breast Cancer by Activating AHR and PXR Receptors and Inducing Oxidative Stress. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092411"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1980.tb09944.x","article-title":"The origin of indoleacetic acid and indolepropionic acid in rat and human cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"34","author":"Young","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812874106","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites","volume":"106","author":"Wikoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00425340","article-title":"The end products of the metabolism of aromatic amino acids by Clostridia","volume":"107","author":"Elsden","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1139\/m80-074","article-title":"Production of indole-3-propanoic acid and 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid by Clostridium sporogenes: A convenient thin-layer chromatography detection system","volume":"26","author":"Jellet","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24661","article-title":"A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites","volume":"551","author":"Dodd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.007","article-title":"Indoleacrylic Acid Produced by Commensal Peptostreptococcus Species Suppresses Inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Wlodarska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1586038","article-title":"Circulating levels of the anti-oxidant indoleproprionic acid are associated with higher gut microbiome diversity","volume":"10","author":"Menni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2982","article-title":"An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites","volume":"46","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-018-1460-3","article-title":"Analyses of the genetic diversity and protein expression variation of the acyl: CoA medium-chain ligases, ACSM2A and ACSM2B","volume":"293","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehgal, R., de Mello, V.D., M\u00e4nnist\u00f6, V., Lindstr\u00f6m, J., Tuomilehto, J., Pihlajam\u00e4ki, J., and Uusitupa, M. (2022). Indolepropionic Acid, a Gut Bacteria-Produced Tryptophan Metabolite and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214695"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46337","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46337","article-title":"Indolepropionic acid and novel lipid metabolites are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study","volume":"7","author":"Paananen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100349","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100349","article-title":"A Polyphenol-Rich Diet Increases the Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole 3-Propionic Acid in Older Adults with Preserved Kidney Function","volume":"66","author":"Peron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Zhang, L., Xia, B., Tang, S., Liu, L., Xie, J., and Zhang, H. (2020). Bioregional Alterations in Gut Microbiome Contribute to the Plasma Metabolomic Changes in Pigs Fed with Inulin. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010111"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.03.005","article-title":"Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: A pilot study","volume":"77","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145207","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.145207","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies enhance the anticancer effects of PD-1 blockade","volume":"6","author":"Ferrere","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0099","article-title":"The Association of Fried Meat Consumption With the Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites and Its Impact on Glucose Homoeostasis, Intestinal Endotoxin Levels, and Systemic Inflammation: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial","volume":"44","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy053","article-title":"Metabolic Footprinting of Fermented Milk Consumption in Serum of Healthy Men","volume":"148","author":"Pimentel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-011-0320-5","article-title":"Plasma metabolomics and proteomics profiling after a postprandial challenge reveal subtle diet effects on human metabolic status","volume":"8","author":"Pellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03960-y","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes induce cell death via saturated lipids","volume":"599","author":"Guttenplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte Crosstalk in CNS Inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03116-4","article-title":"Gut-licensed IFN\u03b3(+) NK cells drive LAMP1(+)TRAIL(+) anti-inflammatory astrocytes","volume":"590","author":"Sanmarco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4106","article-title":"Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"22","author":"Rothhammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25143","article-title":"Enhancing mitochondrial proteostasis reduces amyloid-\u03b2 proteotoxicity","volume":"552","author":"Sorrentino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161141","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18087","article-title":"Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Kowalski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00256","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Akbari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e16503","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Microbiome Modulation Technique for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Nandwana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-018-0451-2","article-title":"The gut microbiota-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide is elevated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200306","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Lipopolysaccharide as Mediators Between Gut Dysbiosis and Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"78","author":"Marizzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2018.07.008","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of cordycepin inhibit A\u03b2-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons","volume":"68","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.12.004","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1159\/000494889","article-title":"Neuroendocrine-Metabolic Dysfunction and Sleep Disturbances in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Focus on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Melatonin","volume":"108","author":"Spinedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-002-0036-0","article-title":"Development of indole-3-propionic acid (OXIGON) for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Bendheim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70172-3","article-title":"Connections between sleep and cognition in older adults","volume":"13","author":"Yaffe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199909)46:3<412::AID-ANA19>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Plasma amyloid beta-peptide 1-42 and incipient Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Mayeux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21937","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.31.21937","article-title":"Potent neuroprotective properties against the Alzheimer beta-amyloid by an endogenous melatonin-related indole structure, indole-3-propionic acid","volume":"274","author":"Chyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1993.tb00498.x","article-title":"Melatonin, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative damage, and aging: A hypothesis","volume":"14","author":"Poeggeler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769509065262","article-title":"Enhancement of lipid peroxidation by indole-3-acetic acid and derivatives: Substituent effects","volume":"23","author":"Candeias","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01027-0","article-title":"Indole-3-propionate: A potent hydroxyl radical scavenger in rat brain","volume":"815","author":"Poeggeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00864.x","article-title":"Melatonin treatment restores mitochondrial function in Alzheimer\u2019s mice: A mitochondrial protective role of melatonin membrane receptor signaling","volume":"51","author":"Dragicevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S200490","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14676-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediates intermittent-fasting alleviation of diabetes-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22030","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic acid attenuates neuronal damage and oxidative stress in the ischemic hippocampus","volume":"87","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.02.014","article-title":"Probiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behaviour in rats independently of diet","volume":"79","author":"Abildgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowdell, A.S., and Colgan, S.P. (2021). Metabolic Host-Microbiota Interactions in Autophagy and the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080708"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0381-7_46","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of indole-3-pyruvic acid","volume":"398","author":"Politi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i6.1691","article-title":"Gut microbiota and liver diseases","volume":"21","author":"Minemura","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.01.002","article-title":"Gut barrier disruption and chronic disease","volume":"33","author":"Martel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00381-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30036","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is Associated With Gut Microbiota Profile and Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"69","author":"Ponziani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24302","article-title":"Inflammation-induced IgA+ cells dismantle anti-liver cancer immunity","volume":"551","author":"Shalapour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29724","article-title":"Current and future therapeutic regimens for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"68","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S140188","article-title":"Mechanisms of NF-\u03baB p65 and strategies for therapeutic manipulation","volume":"11","author":"Giridharan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319664","article-title":"Dietary cholesterol drives fatty liver-associated liver cancer by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10512","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i48.10512","article-title":"Liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cells: Etiology, pathological hallmarks and therapeutic targets","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessoku, T., Kobayashi, T., Tanaka, K., Yamamoto, A., Takahashi, K., Iwaki, M., Ozaki, A., Kasai, Y., Nogami, A., and Honda, Y. (2021). The Role of Leaky Gut in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Novel Therapeutic Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158161"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2011.04.009","article-title":"Gender disparities in lipid-lowering therapy among veterans with diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Vimalananda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-005-0065-6","article-title":"Gender differences in lipoprotein metabolism and dietary response: Basis in hormonal differences and implications for cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Knopp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Gao, Y., Chen, H., Yin, Y., and Zhang, W. (2019). Indole-3-Acetic Acid Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice via Attenuation of Hepatic Lipogenesis, and Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092062"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs204","article-title":"Role of the Ah receptor in homeostatic control of fatty acid synthesis in the liver","volume":"129","author":"Tanos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.064246","article-title":"Indole and Tryptophan Metabolism: Endogenous and Dietary Routes to Ah Receptor Activation","volume":"43","author":"Hubbard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00313","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00313-20","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota-Produced Indole-3-Propionic Acid Confers the Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Mulberry-Derived 1-Deoxynojirimycin","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"917","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic Acid-aggravated CCl(4)-induced Liver Fibrosis via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smads Signaling Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00357","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2-Induced Cell Plasticity in Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Fabregat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415627681","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD Pathway and Its Regulation in Hepatic Fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31426","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212549200","article-title":"Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells","volume":"278","author":"Niedernhofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehgal, R., Ilha, M., Vaittinen, M., Kaminska, D., M\u00e4nnist\u00f6, V., K\u00e4rj\u00e4, V., Tuomainen, M., Hanhineva, K., Romeo, S., and Pajukanta, P. (2021). Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Gut-Derived Tryptophan Metabolite, Associates with Hepatic Fibrosis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103509"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4644(20010601)81:3<507::AID-JCB1064>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic acid, a melatonin-related molecule, protects hepatic microsomal membranes from iron-induced oxidative damage: Relevance to cancer reduction","volume":"81","author":"Karbownik","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.290108.x","article-title":"Increased levels of oxidatively damaged DNA induced by chromium(III) and H2O2: Protection by melatonin and related molecules","volume":"29","author":"Qi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.213","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in the liver--linking injury, fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Luedde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.05.014","article-title":"Cytochrome P450s and cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"112","author":"Pikuleva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000253478.51950.27","article-title":"Regulation of vascular tone during pregnancy: A novel role for the pregnane X receptor","volume":"49","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00062-3","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR\/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis","volume":"102","author":"Sinal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051551698","article-title":"The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity","volume":"98","author":"Staudinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0038","article-title":"The nuclear pregnane X receptor: A key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Kliewer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550140205","article-title":"Cimetidine prevents and partially reverses CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Mera","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq580","article-title":"p-Cresyl sulphate and indoxyl sulphate predict progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq818","article-title":"The gut-kidney axis: Indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate and CKD progression","volume":"26","author":"Meijers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.029","article-title":"Clinical association between the metabolite of healthy gut microbiota, 3-indolepropionic acid and chronic kidney disease","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, H.Y., Yisireyili, M., Saito, S., Lee, C.T., Adelibieke, Y., Nishijima, F., and Niwa, T. (2014). Indoxyl sulfate downregulates expression of Mas receptor via OAT3\/AhR\/Stat3 pathway in proximal tubular cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091517"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1201","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00471.2010","article-title":"NF-\u03baB plays an important role in indoxyl sulfate-induced cellular senescence, fibrotic gene expression, and inhibition of proliferation in proximal tubular cells","volume":"301","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000452522","article-title":"Angiotensin-(1-7) Prevents Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Induced by Transforming Growth Factor Type Beta (TGF-\u03b2) via Mas Receptor Activation","volume":"40","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130585","article-title":"The Ang-(1-7)\/Mas-1 axis attenuates the expression and signalling of TGF-\u03b21 induced by AngII in mouse skeletal muscle","volume":"127","author":"Morales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000341515","article-title":"Stat3 contributes to indoxyl sulfate-induced inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression and cellular senescence","volume":"36","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"477","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic acid suppresses indoxyl sulfate-induced expression of fibrotic and inflammatory genes in proximal tubular cells","volume":"79","author":"Yisireyili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1991.tb01824.x","article-title":"Relation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation in rat kidney to lipid peroxidation, glutathione level and relative organ weight after a single administration of potassium bromate","volume":"82","author":"Sai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22181","article-title":"Altered hepatic mRNA expression of immune response-associated DNA damage in mice liver induced by potassium bromate: Protective role of vanillin","volume":"31","author":"Driss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"309","article-title":"Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate--a new renal carcinogen","volume":"87","author":"Kurokawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1321","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid against lipid peroxidation, caused by potassium bromate in the rat kidney","volume":"24","author":"Karbownik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20404","article-title":"Comparison of potential protective effects of melatonin, indole-3-propionic acid, and propylthiouracil against lipid peroxidation caused by potassium bromate in the thyroid gland","volume":"95","author":"Karbownik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01572.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress, anti-oxidant therapies and chronic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Small","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2007.00515.x","article-title":"Roles of organic anion transporters in the progression of chronic renal failure","volume":"11","author":"Enomoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Apher. Dial."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.463-496.2003","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and molecular determinants of virulence","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weil, D., Marinkovic, K., and Kasaeva, T. (2018). Back to the future, again: Greater leadership, collaboration and accountability to accelerate progress to end TB. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1165-9"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021154","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021154","article-title":"The tuberculosis drug discovery and development pipeline and emerging drug targets","volume":"5","author":"Mdluli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00529","article-title":"Alteration in the Gut Microbiota Provokes Susceptibility to Tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-10-3069","article-title":"The common aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway is essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"148","author":"Parish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. (Read.)"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9479","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9479","article-title":"The crystal structure of anthranilate synthase from Sulfolobus solfataricus: Functional implications","volume":"96","author":"Ivens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"203","article-title":"The amidotransferases","volume":"66","author":"Zalkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)13040-5","article-title":"Anthranilate synthase","volume":"113","author":"Zalkin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02781-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02781-18","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole Propionic Acid Targets Tryptophan Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Negatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01571-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01571-17","article-title":"Whole-Cell Screen of Fragment Library Identifies Gut Microbiota Metabolite Indole Propionic Acid as Antitubercular","volume":"62","author":"Negatu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2579","article-title":"Indole propionic acid induced Ca(2+) -dependent apoptosis in Candida albicans","volume":"74","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.12.2526","article-title":"Susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila grown extracellularly and in human monocytes to indole-3-propionic acid","volume":"35","author":"Barak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.10.009","article-title":"Severe Pneumonia Caused by Legionella pneumophila: Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Considerations","volume":"31","author":"Chahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1009","article-title":"The growing burden of tuberculosis: Global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic","volume":"163","author":"Corbett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1086\/591459","article-title":"Drug interactions involving combination antiretroviral therapy and other anti-infective agents: Repercussions for resource-limited countries","volume":"198","author":"Dooley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1694901","article-title":"Safety implications of combined antiretroviral and anti-tuberculosis drugs","volume":"19","author":"Cerrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassol, E., Misra, V., Holman, A., Kamat, A., Morgello, S., and Gabuzda, D. (2013). Plasma metabolomics identifies lipid abnormalities linked to markers of inflammation, microbial translocation, and hepatic function in HIV patients receiving protease inhibitors. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-203"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab288","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab288","article-title":"HIV-Infected Individuals on ART With Impaired Immune Recovery Have Altered Plasma Metabolite Profiles","volume":"8","author":"Govender","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834ef599","article-title":"From nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: Diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Lemoine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1086\/589294","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-infected patients referred to a metabolic clinic: Prevalence, characteristics, and predictors","volume":"47","author":"Guaraldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.01.001","article-title":"Chronology of age-related disease definitions: Osteoporosis and sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328358d59b","article-title":"Sarcopenia in older adults","volume":"24","author":"Walston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.04.016","article-title":"Osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older age","volume":"80","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.010389","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy","volume":"6","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101782","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 decelerated age-related muscle loss by ensuring mitochondrial function in SAMP8 mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02487E","article-title":"Supplementation of nano-bubble curcumin extract improves gut microbiota composition and exercise performance in mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110722","article-title":"Muscle strength is increased in mice that are colonized with microbiota from high-functioning older adults","volume":"127","author":"Fielding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-164152","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced muscle catabolism via coordinate activation of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways","volume":"25","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5662","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5662","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lahiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32084","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32084","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate potentiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress-mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1","volume":"6","author":"Enoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12784","article-title":"Understanding the gut microbiota and sarcopenia: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Qi, R., Wang, J., Liu, Z., and Wu, Z. (2021). Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Functional Metabolite of Clostridium sporogenes, Promotes Muscle Tissue Development and Reduces Muscle Cell Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212435"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.116.108100","article-title":"Statins Attenuate Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Oxidized LDL or TNF\u03b1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells through a PXR-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.06.058","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-\u03baB by a PXR-dependent pathway mediates counter-regulatory activities of rifaximin on innate immunity in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"668","author":"Mencarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101262","article-title":"Aging and sarcopenia associate with specific interactions between gut microbes, serum biomarkers and host physiology in rats","volume":"9","author":"Siddharth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.12.026","article-title":"Catalpol ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes through acting on AMPK\/NOX4\/PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"130","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes-Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17737","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17737","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and type 2 diabetes: From mechanism insights to therapeutic perspective","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.01.010","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Cancer Immune Response and Immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.031","article-title":"Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome","volume":"143","author":"Vrieze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.008","article-title":"Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity after Lean Donor Feces in Metabolic Syndrome Is Driven by Baseline Intestinal Microbiota Composition","volume":"26","author":"Kootte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","article-title":"Obesity alters gut microbial ecology","volume":"102","author":"Ley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a","article-title":"Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity","volume":"444","author":"Ley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02103-8","article-title":"Comprehensive relationships between gut microbiome and faecal metabolome in individuals with type 2 diabetes and its complications","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, A., Yang, W., Chen, G., Shafiq, M., Javed, S., Ali Zaidi, S.S., Shahid, R., Liu, C., and Bokhari, H. (2019). Analysis of gut microbiota of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226372"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13178","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13178","article-title":"Microbiota-derived tryptophan indoles increase after gastric bypass surgery and reduce intestinal permeability in vitro and in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Jennis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toi, P.L., Anothaisintawee, T., Chaikledkaew, U., Briones, J.R., Reutrakul, S., and Thakkinstian, A. (2020). Preventive Role of Diet Interventions and Dietary Factors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092722"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2017.1398262","article-title":"The microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid improves glucose metabolism in rats, but does not affect behaviour","volume":"124","author":"Abildgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","article-title":"The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease","volume":"23","author":"Makki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3351","article-title":"Two Healthy Diets Modulate Gut Microbial Community Improving Insulin Sensitivity in a Human Obese Population","volume":"101","author":"Haro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663","article-title":"The effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome","volume":"48","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.38.3.544-546.1979","article-title":"Indole-3-lactic acid as a tryptophan metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium spp.","volume":"38","author":"Aragozzini","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakurai, T., Odamaki, T., and Xiao, J.Z. (2019). Production of Indole-3-Lactic Acid by Bifidobacterium Strains Isolated fromHuman Infants. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090340"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013","article-title":"Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.017","article-title":"Genetic Determinants of the Gut Microbiome in UK Twins","volume":"19","author":"Goodrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.032","article-title":"Bacterial metabolite indole modulates incretin secretion from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells","volume":"9","author":"Chimerel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"E1115-1121","article-title":"A model of GLP-1 action on insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects","volume":"298","author":"Micheletto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"212283","article-title":"A clinical review of GLP-1 receptor agonists: Efficacy and safety in diabetes and beyond","volume":"4","author":"Isaacs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2018.0088","article-title":"The Role of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Energy Homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103593","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor deficiency enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces PPAR-\u03b1 pathway activity in mice","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.05.007","article-title":"Structure-based design of indole propionic acids as novel PPARalpha\/gamma co-agonists","volume":"16","author":"Kuhn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04536-0","article-title":"Obesity alters pathology and treatment response in inflammatory disease","volume":"604","author":"Bapat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.007","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells drive the loss of adipose tissue regulatory T cells during obesity","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11132","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells","volume":"486","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.117","article-title":"Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: Involvement of glucagon-like Peptide-1","volume":"13","author":"Cani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400904","article-title":"The importance of GLP-1 and PYY in resistant starch\u2019s effect on body fat in mice","volume":"59","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303316","article-title":"Diet, Lifestyle, Biomarkers, Genetic Factors, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Nurses\u2019 Health Studies","volume":"106","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.001","article-title":"Genetics of human cardiovascular disease","volume":"148","author":"Kathiresan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1076-7460.2003.01751.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular physiology-changes with aging","volume":"12","author":"Cheitlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frosteg\u00e5rd, J. (2013). Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-117"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110230","article-title":"Advances in the relationship between coronavirus infection and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"127","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa209","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet, plasma metabolome, and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.016","article-title":"A Cardiovascular Disease-Linked Gut Microbial Metabolite Acts via Adrenergic Receptors","volume":"180","author":"Nemet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00477-1","article-title":"Systems biology in cardiovascular disease: A multiomics approach","volume":"18","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"96","article-title":"Nano-Medicine for Thrombosis: A Precise Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomicro. Lett."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.12.8","article-title":"Targeting adenosine receptors in the development of cardiovascular therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Riksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.120","article-title":"Beyond gut feelings: How the gut microbiota regulates blood pressure","volume":"15","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72331","article-title":"The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease","volume":"124","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease","volume":"120","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648259","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.648259","article-title":"Gut-Derived Metabolite Indole-3-Propionic Acid Modulates Mitochondrial Function in Cardiomyocytes and Alters Cardiac Function","volume":"8","author":"Gesper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.09.029","article-title":"Plasma microbiome-modulated indole- and phenyl-derived metabolites associate with advanced atherosclerosis and postoperative outcomes","volume":"68","author":"Cason","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.220202","article-title":"Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces vascular inflammation and promotes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-\/- mice","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16504","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E468","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00187.2017","article-title":"Suppression of gut dysbiosis reverses Western diet-induced vascular dysfunction","volume":"314","author":"Battson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0791-0","article-title":"Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia","volume":"50","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013029","article-title":"Altered Transport and Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds in Obesity and Diabetes: Implications for Functional Food Development and Assessment","volume":"7","author":"Redan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2174\/156800911795655967","article-title":"Malignant transformation of mammary epithelial cells by ectopic overexpression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"11","author":"Brooks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2730-3","article-title":"Overexpression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling pathway in human meningioma","volume":"137","author":"Talari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R646","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00111.2018","article-title":"Colonic indole, gut bacteria metabolite of tryptophan, increases portal blood pressure in rats","volume":"315","author":"Huc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(00)00395-6","article-title":"The expression of pregnane X receptor and its target gene, cytochrome P450 3A1, in perinatal mouse","volume":"172","author":"Masuyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"2103","article-title":"The human orphan receptor PXR messenger RNA is expressed in both normal and neoplastic breast tissue","volume":"5","author":"Dotzlaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E350","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00572.2018","article-title":"The pregnane X receptor and its microbiota-derived ligand indole 3-propionic acid regulate endothelium-dependent vasodilation","volume":"317","author":"Saifeddine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10104","article-title":"Orphan nuclear receptor binding site in the human inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter mediates responsiveness to steroid and xenobiotic ligands","volume":"85","author":"Toell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636803","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636803","article-title":"Depletion of Gut Microbiota Impairs Gut Barrier Function and Antiviral Immune Defense in the Liver","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: The expected slimy partners?","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00598","article-title":"Leaky Gut As a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05205","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic Acid Improved the Intestinal Barrier by Enhancing Epithelial Barrier and Mucus Barrier","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5287","article-title":"Mucosal bacterial microflora and mucus layer thickness in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Fyderek","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21625","article-title":"Altered O-glycosylation profile of MUC2 mucin occurs in active ulcerative colitis and is associated with increased inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Larsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200008","article-title":"Successful treatment of patients with paraquat intoxication: Three case reports and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00065","article-title":"Identification of Serum-Based Metabolic Feature and Characteristic Metabolites in Paraquat Intoxicated Mouse Models","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusufu, I., Ding, K., Smith, K., Wankhade, U.D., Sahay, B., Patterson, G.T., Pacholczyk, R., Adusumilli, S., Hamrick, M.W., and Hill, W.D. (2021). A Tryptophan-Deficient Diet Induces Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Increases Systemic Inflammation in Aged Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095005"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.014","article-title":"Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"41","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.03.003","article-title":"Pregnane X receptor as a target for treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.081","article-title":"Targeted epithelial tight junction dysfunction causes immune activation and contributes to development of experimental colitis","volume":"136","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2174\/18715206113139990078","article-title":"Targeted regulation of PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR\/NF-\u03baB signaling by indole compounds and their derivatives: Mechanistic details and biological implications for cancer therapy","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.007","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced signals up-regulate IL-22 production and inhibit inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"141","author":"Monteleone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51194-w","article-title":"Depletion of dietary aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands alters microbiota composition and function","volume":"9","author":"Brawner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2005.04.007","article-title":"Cytokine-based treatment of accidentally irradiated victims and new approaches","volume":"33","author":"Drouet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00845-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived indole 3-propionic acid protects against radiation toxicity via retaining acyl-CoA-binding protein","volume":"8","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/1\/151\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:54:34Z","timestamp":1760147674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/1\/151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"references-count":235,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15010151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15010151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]}}}