{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:05:26Z","timestamp":1776405926156,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union (European Social Fund (ESF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to assess the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or heat shock (HS) induction, and glutamine-modulating effects on heat shock protein-90\u03b1 (HSP90\u03b1) and cytokines in an ex vivo model using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The PBMCs of patients with septic shock, trauma-related systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and healthy subjects were incubated with 1 \u03bcg\/mL LPS at 43 \u00b0C (HS). Glutamine 10 mM was added 1 hour before or after induction or not at all. We measured mRNA HSP90\u03b1, monocyte (m) and lymphocyte (l) HSP90\u03b1 proteins, interleukin (IL)-1b, -6, -8, -10, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) supernatant levels. Heat shock increased the HSP90\u03b1 mRNA and mHSP90\u03b1 in all groups (10-fold in sepsis, p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.047, respectively). LPS induced the mHSP90\u03b1 and lHSP90\u03b1 in healthy (p &lt; 0.001) and mHSP90\u03b1 in SIRS (p = 0.004) but not in sepsis. LPS induced the cytokines at 24 and 48 h in all groups, especially in trauma (p &lt; 0.001); HS only induced the IL-8 in healthy (p = 0.003) and septic subjects (p = 0.05). Glutamine at 10 mM before or after stimulation did not alter any induction effect of LPS or HS on HSP90\u03b1 mRNA and mHSP90\u03b1 protein in sepsis. In SIRS, glutamine before LPS decreased the mHSP90\u03b1 but increased it when given after HS (p = 0.018). Before or after LPS (p = 0.049) and before HS (p = 0.018), glutamine decreased the lHSP90\u03b1 expression in sepsis but increased it in SIRS when given after HS (p = 0.003). Regarding cytokines, glutamine enhanced the LPS-induced MCP-1 at 48 h in healthy (p = 0.011), SIRS (p &lt; 0.001), and sepsis (p = 0.006). In conclusion, glutamine at 10 mM, before or after LPS and HS, modulates mHSP90\u03b1 and lHSP90\u03b1 in sepsis and SIRS differently and unpredictably. Although it does not alter the stimulation effect on interleukins, glutamine enhances the LPS induction effect on supernatant MCP-1 in all groups. Future research should seek to elucidate better the impact of glutamine and temperature modulation on HSP90\u03b1 and MCP-1 pathways in sepsis and trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T02:15:42Z","timestamp":1672798542000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ex Vivo Evaluation of Glutamine Treatment in Sepsis and Trauma in a Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9766-8968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efrossini","family":"Briassouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Specialized Center & Referral Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies-Paediatric Immunology, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department \u201cMAKKA\u201d, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, First Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9630-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Tzanoudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Specialized Center & Referral Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies-Paediatric Immunology, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Goukos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Vardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9789-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Briassoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0936-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula","family":"Ilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program \u201cEmergency and Intensive Care in Children Adolescents and Young Adults\u201d, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kanariou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Specialized Center & Referral Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies-Paediatric Immunology, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Routsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serafim","family":"Nanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Critical Care Department, Evangelismos Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Daikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Briassoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program \u201cEmergency and Intensive Care in Children Adolescents and Young Adults\u201d, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2415-8","article-title":"Preserving the Quality of Life: Nutrition in the ICU","volume":"23","author":"Singer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. 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