{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:24Z","timestamp":1772252844830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Griffith University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excess sodium intake raises blood pressure which increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to estimate the impact of reduced sodium intake on future CKD burden in Australia. A multi-cohort proportional multistate lifetable model was developed to estimate the potential impact on CKD burden and health expenditure if the Australian Suggested Dietary Target (SDT) and the National Preventive Health Strategy 2021\u20132030 (NPHS) sodium target were achieved. Outcomes were projected to 2030 and over the lifetime of adults alive in 2019. Achieving the SDT and NPHS targets could lower population mean systolic blood pressure by 2.1 mmHg and 1.7 mmHg, respectively. Compared to normal routines, attaining the SDT and NPHS target by 2030 could prevent 59,220 (95% UI, 53,140\u201365,500) and 49,890 (44,377\u201355,569) incident CKD events, respectively, while postponing 568 (479\u2013652) and 511 (426\u2013590) CKD deaths, respectively. Over the lifetime, this generated 199,488 health-adjusted life years (HALYs) and AUD 644 million in CKD healthcare savings for the SDT and 170,425 HALYs and AUD 514 million for the NPHS. CKD due to hypertension and CKD due to other\/unspecified causes were the principal contributors to the HALY gains. Lowering sodium consumption in Australia could deliver substantial CKD health and economic benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1673239628000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimated Impact of Achieving the Australian National Sodium Reduction Targets on Blood Pressure, Chronic Kidney Disease Burden and Healthcare Costs: A Modelling Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopold Ndemnge","family":"Aminde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health & Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Njeri","family":"Wanjau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health & Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Cobiac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health & Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3206-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Lennert","family":"Veerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health & Economics Modelling Group, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators (2019). Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 393, 1958\u20131972."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117100","article-title":"Urinary electrolyte excretion in 24 hours and blood pressure in the INTERSALT Study. II. Estimates of electrolyte-blood pressure associations corrected for regression dilution bias. The INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group","volume":"139","author":"Dyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. 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