{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:19:51Z","timestamp":1787973591817,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Pregnant women are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Data on pregnancy outcomes in women with vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy are controversial, and prospective longitudinal data on vitamin D deficiency with consistent definitions in pregnant women are scarce. (2) Methods: The aim of this prospective longitudinal cohort study was to investigate 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels over the course of pregnancy and postpartum in singleton and twin pregnancies with regard to dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake and environmental factors influencing vitamin D levels, evaluated by a standardized food frequency questionnaire. (3) Results: We included 198 healthy singleton and 51 twin pregnancies for analysis. A total of 967 study visits were performed over a 3-year period. Overall, 59.5% of pregnant women were classified as vitamin D deficient in the first trimester, 54.8% in the second trimester, 58.5% in the third trimester, 66.9% at birth, and 60% 12 weeks postpartum, even though 66.4% of the study population reported daily pregnancy vitamin intake containing vitamin D. Dietary vitamin D intake did not affect vitamin D levels significantly. (4) Conclusions: The majority of pregnant women evaluated in this study were vitamin D deficient, despite administration of pregnancy vitamins containing vitamin D. Individualized vitamin D assessment during pregnancy should be considered to ensure adequate supplementation and prevention of hypovitaminosis D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T03:02:06Z","timestamp":1673319726000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Longitudinal Assessment of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels during Pregnancy and Postpartum\u2014Are the Current Recommendations for Supplementation Sufficient?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pilar","family":"Palmrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Thajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawa","family":"Schirwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Haberl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Zeisler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Ristl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12210","article-title":"Global summary of maternal and newborn vitamin D status\u2014A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Saraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. 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