{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:35:23Z","timestamp":1788867323207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220134278 (SPP1656)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220134278 (SPP1656)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A and D deficiencies are associated with immune modulatory effects and intestinal barrier impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57BL\/6J mice were fed either a diet lacking in vitamin A (VAd), vitamin D (VDd) or a control diet (CD) for 12 weeks. Gut barrier function, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) defense and regulatory pathways were assessed. VAd mice compared to CD mice showed a reduced villus length in the ileum (p &lt; 0.01) and decreased crypt depth in the colon (p &lt; 0.05). In both VAd- and VDd-fed mice, ileal \u03b1-defensin 5 (p &lt; 0.05\/p &lt; 0.0001 for VAd\/VDd) and lysozyme protein levels (p &lt; 0.001\/p &lt; 0.0001) were decreased. Moreover, mRNA expression of lysozyme (p &lt; 0.05\/p &lt; 0.05) and total cryptdins (p &lt; 0.001\/p &lt; 0.01) were reduced compared to controls. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (Mmp7) mRNA (p &lt; 0.0001\/p &lt; 0.001) as well as components of the Wnt signaling pathway were decreased. VAd- and VDd-fed mice, compared to control mice, exhibited increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers and \u03b2-defensins in the colon. Organoid cell culture confirmed that vitamins A and D regulate AMP expression, likely through the Jak\/STAT5 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data show that vitamin A and D regulate intestinal antimicrobial peptide defense through Wnt and STAT5 signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T03:11:02Z","timestamp":1673493062000},"page":"376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vitamin A- and D-Deficient Diets Disrupt Intestinal Antimicrobial Peptide Defense Involving Wnt and STAT5 Signaling Pathways in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Filipe Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia P.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"G\u00f6rtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Stolzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuermberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Kaden-Volynets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuermberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-5948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan C.","family":"Bischoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.07.002","article-title":"The Role of Retinoic Acid in Tolerance and Immunity","volume":"35","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00551","article-title":"Intestinal Macrophages Balance Inflammatory Expression Profiles via Vitamin A and Dectin-1-Mediated Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Erkelens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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