{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:50:55Z","timestamp":1788994255423,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme","award":["PR-R10-0514-11004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR-R10-0514-11004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background &amp; aims: Iodine is important for thyroid function during pregnancy to support fetal growth, but studies of maternal iodine status and birth outcomes are conflicting. We aimed to quantify the association between iodine status and birth outcomes, including potential threshold effects using nonlinear dose\u2013response curves. Methods: We systematically searched Medline and Embase to 10 October 2022 for relevant cohort studies. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses of urinary iodine concentration (UIC), iodine:creatinine ratio (I:Cr), and iodide intake for associations with birth weight, birth weight centile, small for gestational age (SGA), preterm delivery, and other birth outcomes. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Meta-analyses were conducted on 23 cohorts with 42269 participants. Birth weight was similar between UIC \u2265 150 \u03bcg\/L and &lt;150 \u03bcg\/L (difference = 30 g, 95% CI \u221222 to 83, p = 0.3, n = 13, I2 = 89%) with no evidence of linear trend (4 g per 50 \u03bcg\/L, \u22123 to 10, p = 0.2, n = 12, I2 = 80%). I:Cr was similar, but with nonlinear trend suggesting I:Cr up to 200 \u03bcg\/g associated with increasing birthweight (p = 0.02, n = 5). Birthweight was 2.0 centiles (0.3 to 3.7, p = 0.02, n = 4, I2 = 0%) higher with UIC \u2265 150 \u03bcg\/g, but not for I:Cr. UIC \u2265 150 \u03bcg\/L was associated with lower risk of SGA (RR = 0.85, 0.75 to 0.96, p = 0.01, n = 13, I2 = 0%), but not with I:Cr. Conclusions: The main risk of bias was adjustment for confounding, with variation in urine sample collection and exposure definition. There were modest-sized associations between some measures of iodine status, birth weight, birth weight centile, and SGA. In pregnancy, we recommend that future studies report standardised measures of birth weight that take account of gestational age, such as birth weight centile and SGA. Whilst associations were modest-sized, we recommend maintaining iodine sufficiency in the population, especially for women of childbearing age on restricted diets low in iodide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T05:45:33Z","timestamp":1673502333000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Maternal Iodine Status and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren C.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"},{"name":"Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Keeble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-2100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Hardie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2023, January 08). SACN Statement on Iodine and Health\u20142014, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/sacn-statement-on-iodine-and-health-2014."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000442078","article-title":"The importance of adequate iodine during pregnancy and infancy","volume":"115","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Rev. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007). Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26811C","article-title":"Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: A review","volume":"89","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/11026480310022334","article-title":"The WHO Global Database on iodine deficiency disorders: The importance of monitoring iodine nutrition","volume":"47","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00263-6","article-title":"Iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Europe","volume":"3","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Benson, A., Irdam, D., Bulceag, I., Barber, T., and Draper, A. (2023, January 08). The Food and You Survey Wave 5 Secondary Analysis: The Current Food Landscape across England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Available online: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/document\/food-and-you-wave-5-secondary-analysis-current-food-landscape.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Public Health England. NDNS: Results from Years 9 to 11 (2016 to 2017 and 2018 to 2019), Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/ndns-results-from-years-9-to-11-2016-to-2017-and-2018-to-2019."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-02020-x","article-title":"Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration and Pregnancy Outcomes in Euthyroid Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"197","author":"Nazarpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz105","article-title":"Do maternal urinary iodine concentration or thyroid hormones within the normal range during pregnancy affect growth parameters at birth? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Nazeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abel, M.H., Caspersen, I.H., Sengpiel, V., Jacobsson, B., Meltzer, H.M., Magnus, P., Alexander, J., and Brantsaeter, A.L. (2020). Insufficient maternal iodine intake is associated with subfecundity, reduced foetal growth, and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01676-w"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snart, C.J.P., Keeble, C., Taylor, E., Cade, J.E., Stewart, P.M., Zimmermann, M., Reid, S., Threapleton, D.E., Poston, L., and Myers, J.E. (2019). Maternal iodine status and associations with birth outcomes in three major cities in the United Kingdom. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020441"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snart, C.J.P., Threapleton, D.E., Keeble, C., Taylor, E., Waiblinger, D., Reid, S., Alwan, N.A., Mason, D., Azad, R., and Cade, J.E. (2020). Maternal iodine status, intrauterine growth, birth outcomes and congenital anomalies in a UK birth cohort. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01602-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-03028-y","article-title":"No Association Was Found Between Mild Iodine Deficiency During Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Follow-up Study Based on a Birth Registry","volume":"200","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008","article-title":"A full systematic review was completed in 2 weeks using automation tools: A case study","volume":"121","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Threapleton, D.E., Waiblinger, D., Snart, C.J.P., Taylor, E., Keeble, C., Ashraf, S., Bi, S., Ajjan, R., Azad, R., and Hancock, N. (2021). Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010230"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2014, January 21). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237","article-title":"Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Greenland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600103","article-title":"Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data","volume":"6","author":"Orsini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr265","article-title":"Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: Examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software","volume":"175","author":"Orsini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0900900103","article-title":"Multivariate random-effects meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1101100206","article-title":"Multivariate random-effects meta-regression: Updates to mvmeta","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/80.15.1198","article-title":"Regression models in clinical studies: Determining relationships between predictors and response","volume":"80","author":"Harrell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1230","article-title":"Basics of meta-analysis: I2 is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Borenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"StataCorp (2021). Stata Statistical Software: Release 17, StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0240-8","article-title":"Estimated dietary iodine intake as a predictor of placental size: Evidence from the ELSPAC study","volume":"15","author":"Grulichova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12211","article-title":"Maternal iodine insufficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Charoenratana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy182","article-title":"Maternal Iodine Insufficiency and Excess Are Associated with Adverse Effects on Fetal Growth: A Prospective Cohort Study in Wuhan, China","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13305.x","article-title":"Reproductive failure in women living in iodine deficient areas of West Africa","volume":"107","author":"Dillon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Liu, S., Wang, L., Zhou, X., Zhou, Q., Liu, C., Zhu, J., Yuan, W., Xu, W.Y., and Deng, J. (2021). Iodine monitoring models contribute to avoid adverse birth outcomes related more than adequate iodine intake. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03936-w"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00796-z","article-title":"Iodine status of pregnant women with obesity from inner city populations in the United Kingdom","volume":"75","author":"Farebrother","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005520","article-title":"Maternal urinary iodine concentration in pregnancy and children\u2019s cognition: Results from a population-based birth cohort in an iodine-sufficient area","volume":"4","author":"Ghassabian","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hynes, L.K., Otahal, P., Burgess, R.J., Oddy, H.W., and Hay, I. (2017). Reduced Educational Outcomes Persist into Adolescence Following Mild Iodine Deficiency in Utero, Despite Adequacy in Childhood: 15-Year Follow-Up of the Gestational Iodine Cohort Investigating Auditory Processing Speed and Working Memory. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121354"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13979","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) serum levels and risk of spontaneous abortion: A prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Kianpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12172","article-title":"Maternal thyroid dysfunction during gestation, preterm delivery, and birthweight. The infancia y medio ambiente cohort, Spain","volume":"29","author":"Leon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01812-5","article-title":"Maternal Urinary Iodine Concentration and Pregnancy Outcomes: Tehran Thyroid and Pregnancy Study","volume":"194","author":"Nazarpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-06261-x","article-title":"Maternal iodine deficiency: A newborns\u2019 overweight risk factor? A prospective study","volume":"305","author":"Ovadia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.193029","article-title":"Maternal urinary iodine concentration up to 1.0 mg\/L is positively associated with birth weight, length, and head circumference of male offspring","volume":"144","author":"Rydbeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torlinska, B., Bath, S.C., Janjua, A., Boelaert, K., and Chan, S.Y. (2018). Iodine status during pregnancy in a region of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is not associated with adverse obstetric outcomes; Results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030291"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1101-4","article-title":"Effect of Iodine Nutrition on Pregnancy Outcomes in an Iodine-Sufficient Area in China","volume":"182","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.013","article-title":"Associations of maternal iodine status and thyroid function with adverse pregnancy outcomes in Henan Province of China","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.167563","article-title":"Maternal iodine status and the thyroid function of pregnant mothers and their neonates in Jaffna District of Sri Lanka","volume":"19","author":"Yoganathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02887-9","article-title":"Association Between Iodine Nutritional Status and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Beijing, China: A Single-Center Cohort Study","volume":"200","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013001201","article-title":"Iodine status during pregnancy in India and related neonatal and infant outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Lean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00501-5","article-title":"Maternal smoking status during pregnancy and low birth weight in offspring: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 55 cohort studies published from 1986 to 2020","volume":"18","author":"Di","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033465","article-title":"Effects of maternal smoking on body size and proportions at birth: A register-based cohort study of 1.4 million births","volume":"10","author":"Rumrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.79629","article-title":"The effect of active and passive maternal smoking before and during pregnancy on neonatal weight at birth","volume":"17","author":"Ciebiera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03050.x","article-title":"Dose\u2013response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)\u2014A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"118","author":"Patra","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015410","article-title":"Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: Time to change guidelines indicating apparently \u2018safe\u2019 levels of alcohol during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"7","author":"Mamluk","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a2332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2332","article-title":"Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal growth restriction: A large prospective observational study","volume":"337","author":"Boylan","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9944-x","article-title":"Caffeine intake during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Greenwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.-W., Wu, Y., Neelakantan, N., Chong, M.F.-F., Pan, A., and van Dam, R.M. (2014). Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with risk of low birth weight: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0174-6"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purdue-Smithe, A.C., Mannisto, T., Bell, G.A., Mumford, S.L., Liu, A., Kannan, K., Kim, U.J., Suvanto, E., Surcel, H.M., and Gissler, M. (2019). The joint role of thyroid function and iodine status on risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age: A population-based nested case-control study of Finnish women. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112573"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melero, V., Runkle, I., de la Torre, N.G., De Miguel, P., Valerio, J., Del Valle, L., Barabash, A., Sanabria, C., Moraga, I., and Familiar, C. (2021). The consumption of food-based iodine in the immediate pre-pregnancy period in madrid is insufficient. San carlos and pregnancy cohort study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124458"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, J.L., Mehnaz, A., Louis, G.M.B., Kannan, K., Weck, J., Wan, Y., Maisog, J., Giannakou, A., and Sundaram, R. (2019). Pregnancy loss and iodine status: The LIFE prospective cohort study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030534"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0927","article-title":"Effects of iodine supplementation during pregnancy on pregnant women and their offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trials over the past 3 decades","volume":"184","author":"Nazeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/2\/387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:18Z","timestamp":1760119458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/2\/387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15020387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15020387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}