{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:09:19Z","timestamp":1792145359655,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The incidence of eating disorders (EDs), serious mental and physical conditions characterized by a disturbance in eating or eating-related behaviors, has increased steadily. The present study aims to develop insights into the pathophysiology of EDs, spanning over biochemical, epigenetic, psychopathological, and clinical data. In particular, we focused our attention on the relationship between (i) DNA methylation profiles at promoter-associated CpG sites of the SCL6A4 gene, (ii) serum kynurenine\/tryptophan levels and ratio (Kyn\/Trp), and (iii) psychopathological traits in a cohort of ED patients. Among these, 45 patients were affected by restricting anorexia nervosa (AN0), 21 by purging AN (AN1), 21 by bulimia (BN), 31 by binge eating disorders (BED), 23 by unspecified feeding or eating disorders (UFED), and finally 14 by other specified eating disorders (OSFED) were compared to 34 healthy controls (CTRs). Results: Kyn level was higher in BED, UFED, and OSFED compared to CTRs (p \u2264 0.001). On the other hand, AN0, AN1, and BN patients showed significatively lower Kyn levels compared to the other three ED groups but were closed to CTRs. Trp was significantly higher in AN0, AN1, and BN in comparison to other ED groups. Moreover, AN1 and BN showed more relevant Trp levels than CTRs (p &lt;0.001). BED patients showed a lower Trp as compared with CTRs (p \u2264 0.001). In addition, Kyn\/Trp ratio was lower in the AN1 subtype but higher in BED, UFED, and OSFED patients than in CTRs (p \u2264 0.001). SCL6A4 DNA methylation level at CpG5 was lower in AN0 compared to BED (p = 0.021), and the CpG6 methylation was also significantly lower in AN0 in comparison to CTRs (p = 0.025). The mean methylation levels of the six CpGs analyzed were lower only in the AN0 subgroup compared to CTRs (p = 0.008). Relevant psychological trait EDI-3 subscales were correlated with biochemical and epigenetic data. Conclusions: These findings underline the complexity of psychological and pathophysiological components of EDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:29:57Z","timestamp":1673576997000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["SLC6A4 DNA Methylation Levels and Serum Kynurenine\/Tryptophan Ratio in Eating Disorders: A Possible Link with Psychopathological Traits?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4830-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marica","family":"Franzago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Orecchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Porreca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Mondanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3113-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciriana","family":"Orabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dalla Ragione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, University Campus Biomedico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Di Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liborio","family":"Stuppia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1756-661X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Vitacolonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Beccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5344-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rachele","family":"Ceccarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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