{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T15:30:57Z","timestamp":1788622257307,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Coca-Cola company"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Sleep, a physiological necessity, has strong inflammatory underpinnings. Diet is a strong moderator of systemic inflammation. This study explored the associations between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII\u00ae) and sleep duration, timing, and quality from the Energy Balance Study (EBS). (2) Methods: The EBS (n = 427) prospectively explored energy intake, expenditure, and body composition. Sleep was measured using BodyMedia\u2019s SenseWear\u00ae armband. DII scores were calculated from three unannounced dietary recalls (baseline, 1-, 2-, and 3-years). The DII was analyzed continuously and categorically (very anti-, moderately anti-, neutral, and pro-inflammatory). Linear mixed-effects models estimated the DII score impact on sleep parameters. (3) Results: Compared with the very anti-inflammatory category, the pro-inflammatory category was more likely to be female (58% vs. 39%, p = 0.02) and African American (27% vs. 3%, p &lt; 0.01). For every one-unit increase in the change in DII score (i.e., diets became more pro-inflammatory), wake-after-sleep-onset (WASO) increased (\u03b2Change = 1.00, p = 0.01), sleep efficiency decreased (\u03b2Change = \u22120.16, p &lt; 0.05), and bedtime (\u03b2Change = 1.86, p = 0.04) and waketime became later (\u03b2Change = 1.90, p &lt; 0.05). Associations between bedtime and the DII were stronger among African Americans (\u03b2Change = 6.05, p &lt; 0.01) than European Americans (\u03b2Change = 0.52, p = 0.64). (4) Conclusions: Future studies should address worsening sleep quality from inflammatory diets, leading to negative health outcomes, and explore potential demographic differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1673586572000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Associations between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sleep Metrics in the Energy Balance Study (EBS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily T.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"McLain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin P.","family":"Shook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Children\u2019s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Hand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Professions, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven N.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","article-title":"National sleep foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2022, February 15). 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