{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:07:39Z","timestamp":1791925659133,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health [NIH\/NCI]","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 CA207848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 CA207848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological studies suggest that higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower risk for several cancers, including breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers. To mitigate confounding, genetic instrumental variables (IVs) have been used to estimate causal associations between 25-hydroxivtamin D and cancer risk via Mendelian randomization (MR). We provide a systematic review of 31 MR studies concerning 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality identified from biomedical databases. MR analyses were conducted almost exclusively in European-ancestry populations and identified no statistically significant associations between higher genetically predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lower risk for total cancer or colorectal, breast, prostate, lung, or pancreatic cancers. In recent studies including \u226580 genetic IVs for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, null associations were reported for total cancer (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] per 1-standard deviation increase: 0.98 [0.93\u20131.04]), breast (1.00 [0.98\u20131.02]), colorectal (0.97 [0.88\u20131.07]), prostate (0.99 [0.98\u20131.01]), and lung cancer (1.00 [0.93\u20131.03]). A protective association was observed for ovarian cancer in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (0.78 [0.63\u20130.96] per 20 nmol\/L increase, p-trend = 0.03), but not in the UK Biobank (1.10 [0.80\u20131.51]). Null associations were reported for other tumor sites (bladder, endometrium, uterus, esophagus, oral cavity and pharynx, kidney, liver, thyroid, or neural cells). An inconsistent protective association for cancer-specific mortality was also observed. Results from MR analyses do not support causal associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk for cancer incidence or mortality. Studies including non-White populations may be valuable to understand low 25-hydroxyvitamin D as a modifiable risk factor in populations with a higher risk of common cancers, including African ancestry individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:06:47Z","timestamp":1673842007000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Lawler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaneda","family":"Warren Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000696","article-title":"Vitamin D and colorectal cancer: Molecular, epidemiological and clinical evidence","volume":"115","author":"Dou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. 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