{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:11:01Z","timestamp":1790817061976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["NCT03555019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT03555019"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["2020-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-46"]}]},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital","award":["NCT03555019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT03555019"]}]},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital","award":["2020-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-46"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted (NABP)","award":["NCT03555019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT03555019"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted (NABP)","award":["2020-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-46"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A has a key role in lung development and its deficiency is associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This secondary cohort analysis of the ImNuT trial (Immature, Nutrition Therapy NCT03555019) aimed to (1) explore vitamin A status in preterm infants &lt;29 weeks gestation and (2) assess the influence of inflammation and postnatal dexamethasone exposure on vitamin A concentrations in blood. We report detailed information on vitamin A biochemistry, vitamin A intake, markers of inflammation and dexamethasone exposure. After four weeks of age, infants exposed to dexamethasone (n = 39) showed higher vitamin A concentrations compared to unexposed infants (n = 41); median (IQR) retinol was 1.0 (0.74, 1.5) vs. 0.56 (0.41, 0.74) \u00b5mol\/L, p &lt; 0.001. Pretreatment retinol concentrations were lower in the dexamethasone group compared to non-exposed infants (p &lt; 0.001); 88% vs. 60% of the infants were considered deficient in vitamin A (retinol &lt; 0.7 \u00b5mol\/L) at one week of age. Small size for gestational age, mechanical ventilation and elevated levels of interleukin-6 were factors negatively associated with first-week retinol concentrations. In conclusion, preterm infants &lt;29 weeks gestation are at risk of vitamin A deficiency despite intakes that accommodate current recommendations. The presence of inflammation and dexamethasone exposure should be considered when interpreting vitamin A status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:06:47Z","timestamp":1673842007000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin A Status in Preterm Infants Is Associated with Inflammation and Dexamethasone Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Madelaine Eloranta","family":"Rossholt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Bratlie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlen Fossan","family":"Aas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnthorunn","family":"Gunnarsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drude","family":"Fugelseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Are Hugo","family":"Pripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Stiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sissel Jennifer","family":"Moltu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.043","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Executive Summary of a Workshop","volume":"197","author":"Higgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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