{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:14:37Z","timestamp":1791810877104,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["NV-18-01-00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NV-18-01-00040"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["IN 00023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN 00023001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"MH CR\u2013DRO (Institute for Clinical and Experimental medicine\u2013IKEM","award":["NV-18-01-00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NV-18-01-00040"]}]},{"name":"MH CR\u2013DRO (Institute for Clinical and Experimental medicine\u2013IKEM","award":["IN 00023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN 00023001"]}]},{"name":"MH CR\u2013DRO (Institute for Clinical and Experimental medicine\u2013IKEM","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"MH CR\u2013DRO (Institute for Clinical and Experimental medicine\u2013IKEM","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"project National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","award":["NV-18-01-00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NV-18-01-00040"]}]},{"name":"project National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","award":["IN 00023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN 00023001"]}]},{"name":"project National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"project National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["NV-18-01-00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NV-18-01-00040"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["IN 00023001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN 00023001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fecal microbiota transfer may serve as a therapeutic tool for treating obesity and related disorders but currently, there is no consensus regarding the optimal donor characteristics. We studied how microbiota from vegan donors, who exhibit a low incidence of non-communicable diseases, impact on metabolic effects of an obesogenic diet and the potential role of dietary inulin in mediating these effects. Ex-germ-free animals were colonized with human vegan microbiota and fed a standard or Western-type diet (WD) with or without inulin supplementation. Despite the colonization with vegan microbiota, WD induced excessive weight gain, impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. However, supplementation with inulin reversed steatosis and improved glucose homeostasis. In contrast, inulin did not affect WD-induced metabolic changes in non-humanized conventional mice. In vegan microbiota-colonized mice, inulin supplementation resulted in a significant change in gut microbiota composition and its metabolic performance, inducing the shift from proteolytic towards saccharolytic fermentation (decrease of sulfur-containing compounds, increase of SCFA). We found that (i) vegan microbiota alone does not protect against adverse effects of WD; and (ii) supplementation with inulin reversed steatosis and normalized glucose metabolism. This phenomenon is associated with the shift in microbiota composition and accentuation of saccharolytic fermentation at the expense of proteolytic fermentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:06:47Z","timestamp":1673842007000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective Effect of Vegan Microbiota on Liver Steatosis Is Conveyed by Dietary Fiber: Implications for Fecal Microbiota Transfer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Daskova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660\/32, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Heczkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istvan","family":"Modos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaromir","family":"Hradecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Hudcovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Kuzma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Pelantova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Buskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Sticova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Funda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Golias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Drabonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarmila","family":"Jarkovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kralova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Cibulkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Gojda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Cahova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Office of Communications, U.S (2003). Agriculture Fact Book."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage","volume":"101","author":"Backhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605374104","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice","volume":"104","author":"Backhed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-009-0045-z","article-title":"The microbiome and obesity: Is obesity linked to our gut flora?","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"383","article-title":"Treating Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation","volume":"89","author":"Marotz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1843-8","article-title":"DNA extraction for human microbiome studies: The issue of standardization","volume":"20","author":"Greathouse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000013","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202000013","article-title":"Engineering the Gut Microbiome for Treatment of Obesity: A Review of Current Understanding and Progress","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.05.005","article-title":"Review of Dietary Practices of the 21st Century: Facts and Fallacies","volume":"40","author":"Subhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.01.001","article-title":"Dietary modifications for weight loss and weight loss maintenance","volume":"92","author":"Yannakoulia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205037","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile","volume":"368","author":"Vrieze","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.031","article-title":"Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome","volume":"143","author":"Vrieze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0300-5","article-title":"Alterations in fecal microbiota composition by probiotic supplementation in healthy adults: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Kristensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.006","article-title":"Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation with Oral Capsules in Obese Patients","volume":"18","author":"Allegretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.008","article-title":"Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity after Lean Donor Feces in Metabolic Syndrome Is Driven by Baseline Intestinal Microbiota Composition","volume":"26","author":"Kootte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008342","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008342","article-title":"Effect of Vegan Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Carnitine- and Choline-Derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Production and Vascular Inflammation in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Smits","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, E.W., Gao, L., Stastka, P., Cheney, M.C., Mahabamunuge, J., Torres Soto, M., Ford, C.B., Bryant, J.A., Henn, M.R., and Hohmann, E.L. (2020). Fecal microbiota transplantation for the improvement of metabolism in obesity: The FMT-TRIM double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003051"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.06.018","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation improves metabolic syndrome parameters: Systematic review with meta-analysis based on randomized clinical trials","volume":"83","author":"Proenca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000337301","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736H","article-title":"A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Barnard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03209.x","article-title":"Vegetarian diet improves insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers more than conventional diet in subjects with Type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Kahleova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0414-8","article-title":"Plant versus animal based diets and insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.3","article-title":"The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198719","article-title":"Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans","volume":"332","author":"Muegge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1601","article-title":"Donor Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Alters Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Obese Individuals with Steatohepatitis","volume":"4","author":"Witjes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783302","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.783302","article-title":"Vegan Diet Is Associated with Favorable Effects on the Metabolic Performance of Intestinal Microbiota: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Omics Study","volume":"8","author":"Prochazkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.482","article-title":"Standardized frozen preparation for transplantation of fecal microbiota for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"107","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2571","article-title":"The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development","volume":"351","author":"Fuhrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13331","article-title":"Influence of maternal microbiota during pregnancy on infant immunity","volume":"198","author":"Nyangahu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"McLaren, M.R.C., and Benjamin, J. (2021). Silva 138.1 prokaryotic SSU taxonomic training data formatted for DADA2. Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051632c","article-title":"Probabilistic quotient normalization as robust method to account for dilution of complex biological mixtures. Application in 1H NMR metabonomics","volume":"78","author":"Dieterle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934967","article-title":"Healthy microbiome\u2014A mere idea or a sound concept?","volume":"71","author":"Najmanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marrone, G., Guerriero, C., Palazzetti, D., Lido, P., Marolla, A., Di Daniele, F., and Noce, A. (2021). Vegan Diet Health Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030817"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losno, E.A., Sieferle, K., Perez-Cueto, F.J.A., and Ritz, C. (2021). Vegan Diet and the Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072402"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1676697","article-title":"Is a vegan or a vegetarian diet associated with the microbiota composition in the gut? Results of a new cross-sectional study and systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Trefflich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241214","article-title":"Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice","volume":"341","author":"Ridaura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678360","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678360","article-title":"Prebiotic Inulin and Sodium Butyrate Attenuate Obesity-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Induction of Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"12","author":"Beisner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28521-8","article-title":"Isoquercetin and inulin synergistically modulate the gut microbiome to prevent development of the metabolic syndrome in mice fed a high fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pachikian, B.D., Essaghir, A., Demoulin, J.B., Neyrinck, A.M., Catry, E., De Backer, F.C., Dejeans, N., Dewulf, E.M., Sohet, F.M., and Portois, L. (2011). Hepatic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion promotes steatosis and insulin resistance in mice: Genomic analysis of cellular targets. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023365"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34970-y","article-title":"The prebiotic inulin modulates gut microbiota but does not ameliorate atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice","volume":"8","author":"Hoving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2010.00863.x","article-title":"Bacterial transformation of dietary lignans in gnotobiotic rats","volume":"72","author":"Woting","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-022-03318-9","article-title":"Distribution, biosynthesis and therapeutic potential of lignans","volume":"12","author":"Plaha","year":"2022","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4912961","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4912961","article-title":"Associations of Urinary Phytoestrogen Concentrations with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Adults","volume":"2022","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iversen, K.N., Dicksved, J., Zoki, C., Fristedt, R., Pelve, E.A., Langton, M., and Landberg, R. (2022). The Effects of High Fiber Rye, Compared to Refined Wheat, on Gut Microbiota Composition, Plasma Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Implications for Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors (the RyeWeight Study). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081669"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111701","article-title":"Improvement in cardiometabolic risk markers following an oatmeal diet is associated with gut microbiota in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals","volume":"160","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779994","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.779994","article-title":"Structural and Functional Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Males With Hyperuricemia and High Levels of Liver Enzymes","volume":"8","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1159\/000495830","article-title":"Microbial Intervention as a Novel Target in Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression","volume":"51","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1865706","article-title":"Bacteroides uniformis combined with fiber amplifies metabolic and immune benefits in obese mice","volume":"13","author":"Frances","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.B., Do, M.H., Jhun, H., Ha, S.K., Song, H.S., Roh, S.W., Chung, W.H., Nam, Y.D., and Park, H.Y. (2021). Amelioration of Hepatic Steatosis in Mice through Bacteroides uniformis CBA7346-Mediated Regulation of High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance and Lipogenesis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092989"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108005","article-title":"Activation of a Specific Gut Bacteroides-Folate-Liver Axis Benefits for the Alleviation of Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis","volume":"32","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14689","article-title":"Review article: Short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders","volume":"48","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.03.010","article-title":"Effects of dietary inulin on bacterial growth, short-chain fatty acid production and hepatic lipid metabolism in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"26","author":"Weitkunat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000442","article-title":"Impact of the synbiotic combination of Lactobacillus casei shirota and oligofructose-enriched inulin on the fecal volatile metabolite profile in healthy subjects","volume":"55","author":"Ghebretinsae","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100542","article-title":"Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health","volume":"56","author":"Windey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1875036201307010001","article-title":"Comparison of sequencing utility programs","volume":"7","author":"Aronesty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Bioinform. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20701","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Kleiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D608","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1089","article-title":"HMDB 4.0: The human metabolome database for 2018","volume":"46","author":"Wishart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/2\/454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:06:42Z","timestamp":1760119602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/15\/2\/454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu15020454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15020454","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]}}}