{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T07:01:37Z","timestamp":1785826897896,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Regional Development Fund","award":["KK.01.1.1.04.0115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.04.0115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of the present review was to summarize the current evidence about the impact of vitamin D deficiency on pathology and clinical manifestations of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease (SD). Methods: Databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library were searched for studies assessing the levels of vitamin D in SD patients using the following keywords: (vitamin D OR calciferol OR cholecalciferol OR 25-hydroxyvitamin D OR 25-hydroxycholecalciferol OR calcidiol OR calcitriol OR 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) AND (Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome OR Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s disease) accessed on 20 September 2022. Out of 248 retrieved studies, following the systematic review methodology and defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 clinical studies were eligible to be included in the present review: 4 of them case-control, 4 cross-sectional, and 1 cohort study. Results: Nine studies totaling 670 SD patients and 857 healthy controls were eligible for meta-analysis with moderate to high methodological quality as determined by the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Quality Scale (NOS). According to the obtained results, a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was observed in SD patients when compared to healthy controls (95% CI \u221210.43, \u22122.39; p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: Available evidence points to lower levels of vitamin D in patients with SD in comparison to healthy controls. However, further studies are necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms associated with the role of vitamin D in the development and disease severity of SD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T04:19:40Z","timestamp":1674101980000},"page":"497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vitamin D and Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Disease: Revealing the Connections\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0350-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mislav","family":"Radi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology, Allergology, and Clinical Immunology Division, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2012-9963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ela","family":"Kolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2188-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"\u0110oga\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Nephrology and Haemodialysis Division, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-646X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gelemanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Bu\u010dan Nenadi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijana","family":"Vu\u010dkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Nephrology and Haemodialysis Division, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josipa","family":"Radi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Nephrology and Haemodialysis Division, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. 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